1/ I was asked to write an editorial on face masks for kids in educational settings
My conclusion?
We need to stop masking children in educational settings because, after nearly 3 years of the pandemic, there is no robust evidence of benefit
Short🧵
👉
1/ There have been increasing claims, mainly in North American news outlets, that the
#SARSCoV2
DELTA variant is causing more severe
#COVID19
in kids compared to previous variants
Well, everything we know so far indicates that’s it’s *not* true. Here’s why…🧵
Does anyone else think it’s odd that delta variant has suddenly changed to cause headaches & runny nose - right in the middle of hay fever season?
Or, are people with headache & runny nose getting tested & finding asymptomatic
#SARSCoV2
infection?
👉
1/ Our systematic review on long covid in children is now published, thanks to all the hard work by
@livvyswann
and her team.
It’s not easy to study a condition with no case definition or diagnostic investigation, but here is what we found … 🧵
👉
Serious question: does anyone outside America think it is OK to mask young children whilst they are surrounded by unmasked adults?? Somewhere along the pandemic, someone really messed up their public health messaging. Thank goodness we never masked young kids in England👇
.
@GovKathyHochul
is at a school in San Juan, Puerto Rico with AFT president
@rweingarten
handing out backpacks to students. She has a reception later tonight days after her Election Day victory.
1/ I was asked by
@TheLancet
to write an editorial on
#COVID19
vaccines for 5-11 year-olds: 6 months on, what have we learnt?
Importantly, what is the endgame?
Preventing infections? Severe disease? Long covid? And at what cost?
My tuppence worth …🧵
👉
5/ To conclude: let’s stop the scaremongering & get the public messaging right.
The vast majority of kids with
#COVID19
will recover completely, but we do need better tools to identify (& resources to investigate & support) the small proportion of kids with persistent symptoms
Isn’t it ironic how the same scientists who blindly tweeted “1 in 7 kids” & “100,000s of kids” getting long covid based on non-scientific surveys asking parents if their kid has “long covid?” are now writing long 🧵 criticizing better, controlled studies showing much lower risks?
1. Most of us do not really appreciate how resilient children and their immune systems are when they encounter
#sarscov2
. Most kids don’t even realize they have been exposed, which leads to ⬆️⬆️⬆️ over-estimation of the long-term effects of
#COVID19
in children
Here’s why … 🧵
So many people berating UK’s delay in vaccinating 5-11 yr-olds. Lets be honest about these vaccines. They prevent severe
#COVID19
but will not stop kids from being infected or transmitting virus. Please vaccinate your kid if you are worried but be clear about why you are doing so
1/ Kids rarely get severe
#COVID19
. While hospitalization in adults often reflects severe disease, this is not true for kids. In England, we found very low rates of
#covid19
hospitalisations in kids during the 1st pandemic year & most were short-stay without complications ...🧵
I am one of the authors of this paper👇
In Kids, hospitalisations=uncommon & ICU=rare after primary OR re-infection with
#SARSCoV2
(alpha/delta)
Importantly, there were 44 deaths after primary infection (0·01%) & none after reinfection
Reinfections were NOT more severe in kids
Good morning to everyone except those that claimed reinfections would be mild due to immune memory
I'm biased on T cell memory because I found how to control it
Kids were hospitalized at a near equal rate on reinfections compared to the first infection
People don’t realize that, even if masks helped protect against respiratory viruses, masking kids now would only ⬆️ susceptible pool of kids in the next infection wave & overwhelm healthcare systems further. Lockdowns & restrictions are why we are in this mess in the 1st place 👇
Isn’t this interesting?! Adults w/out kids had 15%⬇️
#covid19
but 49%⬆️ hospitalization & 76%⬆️ ICU than adults with 0–5y kids. Authors suggest seasonal coronavirus exposure from kids might ⬇️ severe covid - yet some still want to keep kids isolated…🤷🏻♂️
👉
Is there a word for people who criticize you behind your back without having the decency to tag you?
@DGBassani
knows nothing about me, or that I lead on several UK national immunisation programs, yet he labels me as anti-vaccine:
Using vaccines sensibly is not anti-vaccine
See that little bump in childhood
#covid19
cases during March 2021 in the graph below? That was the total outcome of 9 million - that’s 9 million - children returning to school in England (and no, cases did not spill over into adult age groups)
👉
Persistent symptoms after
#COVID19
in kids are *NOT* permanent or life-long. They just take a little longer to resolve than acute symptoms. So please stop using the “a small percentage of a large number …” argument to make the problem sound bigger than it is for kids👇
1/ Our systematic review on long covid in children is now published, thanks to all the hard work by
@livvyswann
and her team.
It’s not easy to study a condition with no case definition or diagnostic investigation, but here is what we found … 🧵
👉
Remember all that media noise about
#omicron
hospitalizing young kids with severe covid? This paper concludes:
“Risks for severe clinical outcomes in children infected with Omicron variant were significantly lower than those in the matched Delta cohort”👇
A lot of media attention on B.617 variants & children, schools & outbreaks is some UK regions, but important to keep bigger picture in mind. Schools reopened for 9 million kids 5 weeks ago & infection rates remain flat in school-aged children nationally 👉
One of the strangest narratives of the pandemic: UK JCVI recommending against vaccinating teens due to marginal risk-benefits, ministers overriding decision so as to reduce education disruption & parents vaccinating their kids so they can go on holiday🤷🏻♂️
👉
Yesterday I learnt that 1.6 BiLLION children worldwide have been put out of school during the
#covid19
pandemic 🤯 Let’s do everything we can to make sure it never happens again
#ESPID2022
1/ Following a barrage of Twitter abuse because of my quote about our School Infection Survey (SIS) results today, I would like to reiterate what we have learnt about
#COVID19
after 9 million students returned to full-time in-person education in England in March this year 👇
If someone you follow on social media told you that
#monkeypox
would inevitably spread in schools when kids returned after the summer holidays, I hope they have formally apologized for scaremongering - or else, you should be questioning yourselves why you are following them
Please ignore this fake scaremongering by
@DrEricDing
. A strain of oral polio vaccine virus was found in sewage samples in London, probably from someone who was vaccinated abroad. It has nothing to do with polio vaccination in the UK, which includes inactivated (not live) virus👇
The virus that causes polio has been detected in a concerning number of sewage samples in London, health officials have said. The disease was common in the UK in the 1950s but was eliminated by 2003. But 2022 and polio anti-vaxxers now welcome it back.
1/ Our new preprint on Long Covid & Kids:
TOPLINE: Teenagers who had parents with long covid were significantly more likely to report long covid symptoms at 6 months after a positive OR negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR-test (CLoCK study)
Surprised?…🧵
👉
The UK decision to delay 2nd
#COVID19
vaccine dose to 12 weeks was made by experts with decades of vaccine experience. This preprint shows high & sustained antibodies up to 10 weeks after 1 Pfizer or AZ vaccine dose in ALL adults, including elderly 💪👉
@lisa_iannattone
you are misquoting my study👇 & exaggerating
#COVID19
risks in kids. The rates you quote are NOT *for*
#covid
but for hospitalisations within 28 days of a +ve
#SARSCoV2
test. The vast majority of these kids do NOT have severe
#covid
👉
Primary covid infections end in hospitalization for 1 in 37 kids.
Reinfections end in hospitalization for 1 in 42 kids.
The author
@ShamezLadhani
doesn’t think that the ~1 in 40 risk of hospitalization, that persists with reinfections, is the takeaway point here. I disagree.
1/ Please BEWARE this pre-print from Hong Kong claiming that the Omicron BA.2 variant is not mild in kids. Basic epidemiology will tell you that the methodology is flawed & the conclusions go against everything we know about the Omicron variants
👉
1/ Our preprint on
#COVID19
& childhood deaths during the first 2 pandemic years in England 👉
Top line: Among ~12 million <20 year-olds, there were 81
#covid
deaths (infection fatality rate, 0.70/100,000 infections) - that’s less than 1 in 100,000 …🧵
8/ But when you look at *rates* (% of kids with
#COVID19
who are hospitalised) the red line (if anything) is lower in the current Delta peak than previous Alpha peak, which means that kids exposed to the delta variant were less likely to be hospitalised than alpha wave
@jneill
👇
In England, 9 million kids have been in full time in-person schooling for a full 6 weeks since 18 April 2021 &
#SARSCoV2
infection rates *did not increase* in any school-aged cohort, despite emergence & national spread of Indian B.1.617.2 delta variant👉
1/ Another study on
#COVID19
#vaccine
effectiveness in kids & teens published in
@NEJM
Here are the 3 main findings, followed by an honest conclusion by the authors - compare this to conclusions of US authors in a study with similar findings … 🧵
👉
1/ For parents, the decision to vaccinate their child against
#COVID19
is personal & voluntary, but many are uncertain because of mixed messaging out there. I can’t tell you what to do, but here are some things to consider when making your decision …🧵
1/ A lot of questions about natural immunity following
#SARSCoV2
infection in children
After nearly 2 years, what have we learnt about kids, antibodies, cellular immunity, variants, reinfections and vaccines so far?
Our 3 recent studies help answer many of these questions… 🧵
1/ Unlike adults, the majority of kids hospitalised with
#SARSCoV2
do *not* have severe
#Covid
In London we found only 10% of kids hospitalised with a +ve
#sarscov2
PCR-test had severe
#COVID19
, mainly during the alpha wave
Here’s our preprint…🧵
👉
The idea that
#COVID19
RE-INFECTIONS cause more severe disease is just not true:
This preprint for the whole Qatari population found “No reinfection in any cohort progressed to severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19” irrespective of vaccination status
👉
1/ How long do 2 doses of
#COVID19
vaccines protect for? Who needs booster vaccinations?
Our team
@phe_uk
have just published a pre-print on vaccine effectiveness (VE) and duration of protection after 2 doses of Pfizer and AZ vaccines in adults … 🧵
👉
@globalhlthtwit
Professor Costello, thank you for taking the time to listen to our podcast. I have to say I am disappointed that someone in your position chooses to quote out of context in such a manner. I will let your followers make their own minds up after watching the podcast themselves
This misinformation has to stop. Very few kids suffer from long covid. A recent UK ONS survey found no difference in persistent symptoms between primary school kids with & without
#COVID19
, and only a small difference between secondary school kids 👉
Here’s the link for the report. Let’s get the message out there that
#longcovid
affects children too. For more info and support go to
@LongCovidKids
Nearly 120,000 children in the UK are living with long Covid | 5 News via
@YouTube
.
@5_News
1/ The CLoCk study is the largest study on long covid in teens. This study *DOES NOT* show that 1 in 7 teens (14%) get long covid & neither do the ONS surveys. Here is a short summary. The real gem in the data, however, is hidden in the Supplement …🧵
👉
Imagine telling a parent of a 5-11 yo that
#COVID19
vaccine will be 20% effective agains
#SARSCoV2
after 4 mo & might reduce hospitalization risk from 0.5% to 0.3%, but if child already had
#omicron
then vaccine will be very effective against omicron!🤯
👉
1/ This large
#LongCovid
study with very intelligent analyses concluded (h/t
@rzima
):
Persistent physical symptoms after COVID-19 may be associated more with the belief in having been infected with SARS-CoV-2 than with having lab-confirmed
#COVID19
👉
This NHS England video has been removed from social media. The reason I am posting this is to raise awareness that the information it contained on
#COVID19
, hospitalizations & long covid in kids was incorrect & misleading. More details here (
@R_Hughes1
)👉
11/ In conclusion, the Delta variant is more transmissible than other variants & cases have ⬆️ rapidly, even in kids. Around 1 in 200 kids exposed to
#SARSCoV2
will be hospitalised but, if anything, it looks like delta variant might have lower hospitalization rates in kids
End
7/ So, when trying to estimate risk of severe
#COVID19
or
#LongCovid
, remember that most kids do not even develop any symptoms after virus exposure & some kids may be inherently protected from cellular immunity. Surely these kids can’t be at risk of severe or long covid.
End
13/ PS. Whatever decision each country makes, it is important that the messaging of risk/benefits of
#COVID19
vaccination for kids is clear, or we risk losing public confidence in vaccines & trust in those advocating for vaccines to prevent other more serious diseases …/End
8/ Importantly, the idea that we should vaccinate kids to protect education staff, household members or local community no longer holds because
#covid19
vaccines do not prevent infection or transmission. It is up to the adults to get vaccinated & protect themselves against
#COVID
1/ Remember all the media coverage of
#omicron
causing so much severe
#COVID19
in young kids?
We extended our
@ukhsa
#COVID19
deaths surveillance in kids & found:
ONE
#COVID19
fatality per MILLION
#Omicron
infections in children aged <20 yrs …🧵
👉
3/ Our systematic review found that most of the reported persistent symptoms were equally common in SARS-CoV-2 +ve cases & SARS-CoV-2 -ve controls. Importantly, higher study quality was associated with lower prevalence of all symptoms, except loss of smell & cognitive symptoms
*Has “Long Covid” been exaggerated?*
Excellent piece by
@finn_mcredmond
in
@unherd
For those trying to 2nd guess my opinion, it’s in the last line of the article:
“we cannot identify the actual risk because real cases are getting buried in the noise”
👉
2/ It’s true that the delta variant is more transmissible the both the alpha variant & the original strains, which means that it will infect more people more quickly, but there is no evidence that the risk of infection or transmission to others is different in kids vs adults
6/ Based on these findings, the authors study concluded:
“Our findings suggest the need to reconsider the value and strategies of vaccinating healthy children in the omicron era with the use of currently available vaccines”
👉
5/ One clue to support this observation is that most reports in the news & media are based on personal experiences of clinicians & individual hospitals rather than reports of hospitalization rates compared to local community infection & vaccination rates 👉
Remember that recent US paper on
#covid19
vaccination for 5-11y?
We didn’t agree with the conclusions (h/t
@ProfAsmaKhalil
)
So, we wrote to
@nejm
to explain why US data do NOT support BOOSTERS for kids irrespective of their previous infection status
👉
As
#COVID
vaccine rollout for 5-11y begins in UK, remember that the vaccine will help add protection against their low risk of severe
#COVID
but not against infection or transmission with omicron. That doesn’t mean the vaccines don’t work: they are doing what we expect them to do
This is unnecessary scaremongering for parents. In England, several 100 students were exposed to an adult with
#monkeypox
in school before summer holidays (when there were no mitigations) & there were ZERO secondary cases in the students - their risk in school is less than 0.5%👇
New world record — More than 1,000 daily
#monkeypox
cases (7 days average). Those who said
#MPXV
would fizzle out soon are plain wrong. This fall school year will need radically new / more safety mitigations.
Figure by
@Antonio_Caramia
Maybe it’s just me, but as a parent and paediatrician, I think putting up the names & pictures of children who may or may not have died of
#Covid19
on social media is crass & undignified. I did not include the link to those tweets out of respect for the children & their families
3/ Because of its higher transmissibility, there will be more Delta variant cases &, since most adults in many countries are vaccinated against
#COVID19
, cases/hospitalisations may seem disproportionately ⬆️ in kids (especially teens) vs adults. This just shows that
#VaccinesWork
1/ Our latest paper on longitudinal follow-up of teens with long covid (CLoCk) is a game changer:
Different teens report the same post-covid symptoms at 0, 6m & 12m after their
#SARSCoV2
PCR , irrespective of whether they tested + or - for the virus
👉
3/ This risk of severe
#COVID19
in 5-11y was based on 644 hospitalisations (15 ICU, 2 died) which translated to:
- hospitalisation risk 0.08%
(84/100,000 infections)
- ICU risk 0.002%
(2/100,000)
- fatality risk 0.0003%
(0·3/100,000)
👉 I mean, how low can you go?🤷🏻♂️
Just like primary schools, we found limited
#sarscov2
infection or transmission when UK secondary schools reopened fully from Sep-Dec 2020
We measured
#COVID19
antibodies in blood, which captured symptomatic & asymptomatic infections in students & staff
Just finished 7 long days covering the vaccine cell for the current monkeypox outbreak
@UKHSA
Our team has now updated the UK guidance on recommendations for the use of pre- and post-exposure vaccination during a monkeypox incident (published today)
👉
#COVID19
in care homes: we found that older residents are able to mount the same antibody response and neutralizing antibodies against
#SARSCoV2
as the younger healthier staff, irrespective of gender or having symptoms 👉
1/ To those who accused me of misinformation when I stated that
#COVID19
vaccines provide very limited short term protection against
#SARSCoV2
infection, vaccine effectiveness dropped to 0% by 3-5 months in 12-15y, with similar trends in 5-11y. But ….
👉
Here we go … only a matter of time before they started advocating for indefinite school mitigations - 1st covid, then flu/RSV, now GAS, next? enterovirus? - despite acknowledging that the mess we are in is because we ⬆️ the pool of susceptible kids thru pandemic restrictions 👇
Thanks
@AimeePaige
for inviting me to write about this...
@theipaper
(note, I didn't choose the title so please don't shout at me - of course I don't mean lockdowns before anyone says...)
For what it’s worth,
#Omicron
is the least likely explanation for acute hepatitis in kids because the 1st cases in Alabama occurred in Oct 2021: before omicron emerged. So, if anyone has any theories as to why it took 2 years for
#SARSCoV2
to manifest as acute hepatitis in kids…
1/ So, here’s some really exciting news:
The hyper-inflammatory heart condition linked with
#COVID19
(MIS-C/PIMS-TS) in kids has now virtually disappeared - despite large waves of community
#SARSCoV2
infections with omicron & it’s subvariants …🧵
👉
It’s mind boggling that people are still struggling with this concept. For 2 years kids have not had viral illnesses apart from
#sarscov2
. They are now all catching so many viral infections, which also increases their small risk of secondary bacterial infections, including GAS 🤷🏻♂️
When asked if the CDC will revise its guidance to mandate masks in schools in light of the Cochrane review showing masks do not curb COVID, CDC Director Walensky tells Congress its advice on child masking will never change. “Our masking guidance doesn’t really change with time.”
I hope the
#COVID19
zealots apologize to their followers for falsely attributing
#SARSCoV2
for the recent hepatitis cases in kids. Looks like it might be a combination of 2 other viruses in a small % of genetically susceptible kids. Nicely explained here 👉
7/ In conclusion, only 1% of hospitalizations in kids were associated w/
#COVID
in the 1st pandemic year. ICU admissions & fatalities were rare, mainly in kids w/multiple comorbidities & life-limiting conditions. Hospitalization/ICU risks were similar to influenza in previous yr
6/ We also have to consider that most children have already been infected by
#SARSCoV2
over the 2.5 years since the start of the pandemic.
What is the added benefit of vaccinating - or even boosting - kids who have already been exposed to the virus? No data for kids 🤷🏻♂️
1/ It’s really sad that, when we report that a disease (eg.
#covid19
) is more severe or fatal in kids with underlying conditions (eg neurodisabilities, immunocompromised), this is taken to mean that such kids are less valued
The truth is exactly the opposite…🧵
The study re-analysed by
@TracyBethHoeg
is one of several biased observational studies on face masks (mainly from the US) that have been debunked in subsequent publications. Here is my editorial on face masks &
#COVID19
prevention in educational settings 👉
Thankfully, the highly respected Journal of Infection (IF=38) published it, allowing us to expose CDC's publication bias: CDC chose to publish a small study suggesting masks work, but wouldn't publish our more robust analysis finding no association
The End
8/ So, the question is: what are we trying to achieve with
#COVID19
vaccines for 5-11y? Protection against infection is moderate & wanes rapidly. Some countries are offering 3rd dose, but experience in adults tells us this too will wane within few weeks
👉
In the UK, we are very lucky to have world-renowned paediatric liver specialists who look after kids with hepatitis. They have decades of experience & all the data on recent cases that they have looked after. Why not let them tell us what is going on when they have some answers?
1/ On 19 July 2021, JCVI published their statement on
#Covid19
vaccination for 12-17 yr-olds
If you only heard that JVCI did not recommend vaccine for teens then you missed out on a wealth of information & recommendations in the report
Here’s why 🧵
👉
1/ Many parents are still concerned about long covid in kids:
If you want to know where we really are with long covid in kids then take a few mins to read this short, honest, down-to-earth editorial by a Danish paediatrician in
@LancetChildAdol
…🧵
👉
I am very pro-vaccine. My job is to promote safe vaccination & prevent serious illness. My team was one of the first to show benefits of
#covid
vaccination in adults. But just because we have a vaccine doesn’t mean we should give it to everyone without considering risk-benefits
@andrewtanyongyi
@ShamezLadhani
Anyway he and I are not diametrically opposed. But I think it’s safe to say, if a community group in the UK or US asked our opinions, he’d counsel most people not to vaccinate their little kids and I’d counsel most people to vaccinate their little kids
There’s a difference
1/ Our
@ukhsa
paper on paediatric
#SARSCoV2
antibody prevalence in England is now published
By Sep 2022, 97.2% of 1-17 year-olds had
#SARSCoV2
antibodies
Our findings are critical for future
#COVID19
vaccine/booster recommendations for kids
…🧵
👉
The idea held by so many that the whole population self-testing for
#COVID19
will protect the vulnerable is incredibly naive. There are more viruses than
#SARSCoV2
. We can’t test for all of them. The same pre-pandemic precautions apply & they have the benefit of
#covid
vaccines
4/ So, if cases ⬆️ in kids & if ~1 in 200 kids with
#COVID19
are hospitalised then the *number* of kids with the virus in hospital will also ⬆️. And, since a small % of these hospitalised kids will have severe
#COVID19
& may need ICU care, the *number* of kids in ICU will also ⬆️
7/ Remember also, contrary to rumors floating on social media, reinfections with
#SARSCoV2
have not been more severe in kids & there is no evidence that reinfections have any effect on the risk of long covid in kids
👉
2/ The most important message is that the quality of published studies have been highly variable: earlier studies without a control group paint a completely different picture than more recent case-control studies which provide more accurate reflection of long covid risks in kids
@MarvinH2_G2
@chris_salt
@adamhfinn
Nice try. Current
#COVID19
vaccines do not prevent infection or transmission of
#SARS_CoV_2
. This idea of vaccinating one group to protect another is wrong because we don’t have the right vaccines to do so. Did you miss the omicron wave in vaccinated and boosted adults?
11/ We sometimes forget that such a large-scale vaccine programme comes with both financial & opportunity costs - e.g. diverting staff from routine services could jeopardize national childhood immunisation programme with potentially more severe consequences than
#COVID19
in kids
12/ If anyone is aware of better data on severity of illness or outcomes with the delta variant compared to other variants in kids, please do share. The pandemic is constantly shifting and it’s not possible to keep up with all the literature
I feel sorry for
@BinitaKane
’s daughter because some kids do suffer long term effects of
#COVID19
just like any other virus, but this information about the risk of severe covid, deaths & long covid in kids is blatantly incorrect (ht
@R_Hughes1
) …/1
@CheungRonny
@lizWWyld
In South London, too, our children’s wards and paediatric intensive care unit are NOT full of
#covid19
cases. Severe disease and hospitalisations due to
#COVID19
continue to be rare in children. Totally misleading misinformation leading to unnecessary scaremongering.
5/ Another clue is that most reports of severe childhood
#COVID19
cases in the news & media are from regions with high community
#COVID19
infection rates & low adult
#COVID19
vaccine uptake, which increases the risk of kids catching the virus 👉
Everything we know about
#SARSCoV2
tells us that first infection reduces (but doesn’t eliminate) the risk & SEVERITY of further infections, even with new variants. Here is our paper showing this with delta reinfections in kids (work on omicron reinfections in progress)👇
#SARSCoV2
reinfections were not associated with severe disease in terms of hospital or
#pedsICU
admissions, and there were no fatalities within 28 days of reinfection in children
#COVID19
10/ There are caveats with these data - we don’t really know if kids were hospitalised with or *because of*
#COVID19
but these caveats should be the same for Alpha & Delta peaks &, thus, comparable. Note: very few kids (even with medical conditions) get hospitalised with
#covid19
12/ To conclude, with
#COVID19
vaccines now available for under 5s, risk benefits will be even more marginal, especially when most kids will already have been exposed to
#SARSCoV2
. Let’s hope that countries learn from experiences with older kids when making their decisions
5/ What about long covid? This is still the best systematic review showing very low risks in kids when compared to control group without covid. Also, unlike adults, there is no evidence that
#COVID19
vaccine prevents or reduces long covid risks in kids
👉
10/ PS. Yes: we need more support for mitigations, including ventilation; No: I still haven’t seen convincing data on how much masks help ⬇️ school transmission; & No: we don’t need another adult lockdown to reopen schools because adults are now vaccinated (you know who you are)
Our care home outbreak investigations found that prior
#SARSCoV2
infection was 96% protective against re-infection among elderly residents & younger staff in care homes experiencing a second
#COVID19
outbreak in England. Our paper in
@Eurosurveillanc
👉
sKIDs (COVID-19 surveillance in school KIDs): Students had similar
#sarscov2
antibody levels as staff across England and
#SARSCoV2
antibody levels were similar to community levels at the time. Attending school did not increase the risk of infection 👉