Excited to share our latest paper in Nature Communications
@NatureComms
by Ashish Joshi
@AshishJ87810510
et al. We show single-molecule FRET unmasks structural subpopulations & dissects crucial molecular events of phase separation of FUS prion-like domain.
25 years ago: June 1997. I was selected for the highly competitive & coveted integrated PhD (MS + PhD) program at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore. My life changed forever. Whatever little I have done, I owe it to IISc. I narrate a fascinating story. Read on (1/n)
Happy to share that after a long-drawn-out process, my institute has removed the first word of my academic rank. First time in my academic life, I have got a "one-word" description of my position. I thank my incredible students for their contributions and my family for support.😀
I am honored and humbled to be a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences
@IAScBng
which was founded by Sir CV Raman in 1934.
It's a recognition of my talented students who have fearlessly ventured into exciting research directions.
Thanks to my family and colleagues
@IISERMohali
PS. Younger colleagues/students:
This was a pre-email pre-internet era. Air travel was almost unimaginable even for the well-off. In fact, I didn't know there was an airport in Bangalore 😁. After this incident, IISc started telegram call letters the following year (1998).
My 12th PhD student, Anamika Avni
@AnamikaAvni
submitted her PhD thesis today. Using vibrational Raman spectroscopy and other biophysical tools, she studied intrinsically disordered proteins, amyloids, and biomolecular condensates. Congratulations, Anamika!
Since my PhD days, it was my dream to publish in Accounts of Chemical Research (I was an avid reader of Accounts in those days).
Finally, my dream comes true😊
My PhD student
@DebapriyaIISERM
who is now a postdoc at Scripps is a co-corresponding author.
Happy to share our latest JACS paper
@J_A_C_S
Here we address a longstanding question: What's the molecular origin of internal friction in highly solvated and rapidly fluctuating disordered proteins?
Congrats
@DebapriyaIISERM
@aroralisha20
@IiserMohali
Got a wonderful gift in Switzerland. An exciting paper just got accepted in a great journal (I'll post more details later). The acceptance couldn't have been at a better time - tomorrow morning I give my first invited talk at the Gordon Conference. Good night from Les Diablerets!
I am highly honored and humbled to be appointed as a Visiting Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. I am looking forward to visiting and interacting with talented students and faculty at IIT Bombay.
Thank you
@BsbeIitb
@iitbombay
A stunning photo from the IISER Mohali campus
@IiserMohali
on May 26 taken by my colleague, Angshuman
@angshurc1975
who is an X-ray crystallographer and a photographer (covering a wide range of wavelength scale😉)
#supermoon
#bloodmoon2021
Today I completed 14 years
@IISERMohali
I joined the IISER faculty on Dec 29, 2008. I'm privileged to work with highly motivated/talented students whose professional flight paths remain on steep upward trajectories. This year has been incredible for our lab. Looking back on 2022:
I'm honored and humbled to be awarded the JC Bose Fellowship which will allow us to diversify and venture into the unchartered territory of condensate biology. I'm incredibly grateful to my institute, students, colleagues, well-wishers, and my family for their unwavering support.
Congratulations to Prof. Samrat Mukhopadhyay, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Mohali, on receiving the prestigious J. C. Bose Fellowship!
@SamratLabMohali
@IiserMohali
So nice to be back in my academic hometown, Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore. Some stunning photos of the gorgeous IISc campus I clicked this afternoon.
My life changed 25 years ago. I don’t know what I’d have done had I not made it to IISc. Whatever I have done in my life, I owe it to IISc. I couldn’t have asked for a better PhD advisor, a better environment, or a better PhD (with papers in Angewandte Chemie, JACS, etc.) END
We are super thrilled to get our single-molecule confocal microscope installed.🔬
During the training session today, we performed exciting single-molecule FRET, FCS, TCSPC, FLIM, and anisotropy imaging experiments on our fascinating systems. Looking forward to exciting results!😀
I'm delighted to announce that Aishwarya Agarwal
@Aishwarya788
will be heading to Cambridge
@Cambridge_Uni
for her postdoc. During her PhD, she consistently pushed the envelope & did super-exciting work published in PNAS, Nature Comm, JMB, BBA, JPCLett. We wish her great success!
Congratulations to graduating students from our lab on receiving their degrees at our convocation
@IISERMohali
Depapriya
@DebapriyaIISERM
& Aishwarya
@Aishwarya788
received their PhD degrees
Neha
@_NehaPunia
received her BS-MS degree.
They are heading to some top institutions.
Last week after my seminar at EMBL, I was walking with my host on the street & suddenly heard "Hi Samrat!". I looked around - what a big surprise! A former undergrad from IISER Mohali, Siddhi (doing her PhD in Heidelberg), who I taught & guided in her summer internship in 2016.😃
I am honored & humbled to be elected as a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA)
@INSA_Academy
.
It's a recognition of our research carried out by > 30 talented students (PhD & MS) & postdocs over the past 14 years. Thanks to my family, friends, mentors & colleagues.
I am honored and humbled to be a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences
@IAScBng
which was founded by Sir CV Raman in 1934.
It's a recognition of my talented students who have fearlessly ventured into exciting research directions.
Thanks to my family and colleagues
@IISERMohali
A trip down memory lane:
Nearly 22 years ago (February 2001), during my PhD at the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, I presented a poster at the 3rd CRSI (Chemical Research Society of India) meeting at Panjab University, Chandigarh. I ended up winning the best poster prize😊
1/ My grant applications for a single-molecule system were rejected - not once - 6 times in the past 10 years (since 2011). I was trained in single-molecule biophysics during my postdoctoral stint at Scripps (2005-08) where I worked on the intriguing behavior of a yeast prion.
We are super thrilled to get our single-molecule confocal microscope installed.🔬
During the training session today, we performed exciting single-molecule FRET, FCS, TCSPC, FLIM, and anisotropy imaging experiments on our fascinating systems. Looking forward to exciting results!😀
18 years ago. September 2005.
In the lab, during my postdoctoral work with Prof. Ashok Deniz at the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
@ScrippsResearch
.
Photo taken by my labmate, Dr. Allan Ferreon, who is now a faculty member at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.
My 12th PhD student defended her thesis with flying colors! Congratulations to Dr. Anamika Avni
@AnamikaAvni
@IISERMohali
Anamika will be heading to Scripps for her postdoctoral work with Keren Lasker
@LaskerKeren
@ScrippsResearch
All the best, Anamika, for your future endeavors!
From today, I am tasked with chairing the Department of Biological Sciences
@IiserMohali
Thanks to my incredible colleagues for their thoughts, support & camaraderie. It’d be a privilege to work with the highly talented faculty & students of our department.
Follow us
@DBS_IISERM
Congratulations to Anamika Avni
@AnamikaAvni
@IISERMohali
on receiving an international travel award to attend the Gordon Research Conference on Intrinsically Disordered Proteins that will be held in Les Diablerets, Switzerland. She will present her work on single-droplet Raman.
I'm delighted to share that my lab has been awarded the STARS (Scheme for Transformational and Advanced Research in Sciences) grant by the Ministry of Education. We will dive deeper into the multicomponent biomolecular condensates using emerging single-molecule biophysical tools.
Today, two PhD students, Ashish Joshi
@AshishJ87810510
& Sandeep Rai
@Sandeep61011718
(13th & 14th students) submitted their PhD theses. They did some super exciting work on biomolecular condensates of different neuronal proteins using single-molecule FRET & other cool methods.
The 10th PhD student of the lab, Debapriya Das
@DebapriyaIISERM
defended her PhD thesis in flying colors.
Her thesis describes some exciting and uncommon applications of time-resolved fluorescence in IDP research.
Congratulations Dr. Das☺️🎉
Some key papers from her thesis work⬇️
Happy to announce that my lab
@IISERMohali
and Sonia Longhi's lab
@LonghiSonia
(CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université) have been jointly awarded an Indo-French grant by the Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research (IFCPAR-CEFIPRA). Looking forward to our collaboration!
25 years ago, I did a career-defining summer internship (May-July 1998) with P. Balaram
@iiscbangalore
. I worked on enzymatic cleavage (by Subtilisin Carlsberg), religation & refolding of Triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) from Plasmodium falciparum (2 pages of my notebook). (1/4)
It was wonderful to have a group dinner at our apartment last Sunday to celebrate our lab achievements including the graduation of several students. Upon the request of my students, I played guitar and sang some old songs 🎸🎼😃😍
The interview panel was highly impressed with my performance and I was asked to appear for the final round of interviews on the 18th afternoon. The final interview went very well and I was offered integrated PhD admission at IISc – I was ecstatic and triumphant! (22/n)
Congratulations to Anuja Walimbe
@anuja_walimbe
, a PhD student in our lab, on being awarded the Prime Minister's Research Fellowship 2022. We wish Anuja continued success in her research endeavors.
For the acknowledgment slide of my upcoming seminars at Cambridge and Dublin, today we took the latest photograph of my entire research group comprising 23 members (PhD students, postdoc, summer interns, MS dissertation students, and the PI).
It was a privilege to interact with my PhD advisor, Uday Maitra
@maitrau
during the Manali Chemistry Meet. It was exciting to give a talk having him in the audience. I was exhilarated to get his words of appreciation. His training, insights & mentorship made me what I am today.
Got a wonderful gift in Switzerland. An exciting paper just got accepted in a great journal (I'll post more details later). The acceptance couldn't have been at a better time - tomorrow morning I give my first invited talk at the Gordon Conference. Good night from Les Diablerets!
It was wonderful to have our founding director, Prof. N. Sathyamurthy
@NSathyamurthy1
, visit my lab. Under his stewardship (2007-17),
@IISERMohali
was born & grew up. IISER Mohali has now come of age and is on the map. I owe him a debt of gratitude for recruiting me 15 years ago.
We just had a quick celebration after the acceptance of an exciting piece of work! Congrats
@Sandeep61011718
@RoopsieK
@AnamikaAvni
. I will post more details once the paper is published. Interestingly, on this day, 3 years ago (Nov 30, 2019), we got our first JACS paper accepted.
I reached near IISc gate at ~ 8:55 AM but now I was unable to cross the busy intersection of C.V. Raman Avenue. 😃 I requested traffic police to help me cross the road. He stopped all the vehicles and helped me cross the road (18/n).
My former student, Neha Jain
@Jain_Lab
(Assistant Professor at IIT Jodhpur) and my current student, Sayanta Mahapatra
@SayantaIISERM
(who will soon submit his thesis) are currently in Belgium to attend the Leuven Protein Aggregation Meeting.
All the best for their presentations!
I'm so proud of my former PhD student, Karishma Bhasne
@karishmaiiserm
who is now a postdoc with Lila Gierasch
@gierasch1
@UMassAmherst
. This morning, Karishma gave a great platform talk at the Biophysical Society meeting in SanDiego. Congrats, Karishma! I'm so happy for you!
I'm truly honored and humbled to be offered a JSPS Visiting Professorship at Tohoku University, Japan. I'll spend a few months at Tohoku University in the fall of 2024. This professorship will also provide me with unique opportunities to visit several other universities in Japan.
It's so nice of the Indian Academy of Sciences to send me a beautiful certificate of my election to the fellowship. This certificate has a watermark of Sir CV Raman, who founded the academy in 1934. Vibrational Raman spectroscopy has been an invaluable tool in our research work.
I am honored and humbled to be a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences
@IAScBng
which was founded by Sir CV Raman in 1934.
It's a recognition of my talented students who have fearlessly ventured into exciting research directions.
Thanks to my family and colleagues
@IISERMohali
Today's solar eclipse from our lab building (Academic Block 2) at IISER Mohali
@IiserMohali
The photographs were taken using Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra.
#SolarEclipse2022
I got into the coach and my excitement percolated into my fellow passengers. They all inspired me and cheered me up throughout my 28-hour train ride to Madras. I arrived in Madras (Chennai Central Station) on the 17th quite late in the evening (12/n).
I'm immensely enjoying my San Diego visit. Meanwhile, the number of followers on my Twitter just crossed 10,000 😳😍. Thank you all for following me and liking my posts. 😊
2021 has been an incredible year for our lab!
Who thought this year, despite COVID-related disruptions, we would publish > 10 papers/reviews (PNAS, JMB, JPCLett etc). Kudos to my unstoppable & fearless team with a never-say-die optimism & can-do spirit.
Meet all junior authors!
Some members tried to find out the problem. Then I narrated the story of how I got there. Uday Maitra (who would be my PhD advisor later) looked at the postmark on the letter and saw and told other panelists that the letter was at the wrong post office for over 2 weeks (21/n).
A stunning view of the lower Himalayas from our campus
@IiserMohali
today after the rain. It's a privilege to stay and work at such a beautiful place.
(Photo clicked using Samsung S22 Ultra)
I entered the IISc campus (gorgeous campus but no time to enjoy). I had to sprint with my backpack and suitcase to reach the Organic Chemistry building and entered the interview waiting room at ~ 9 AM. Immediately, my name was called and I rushed into the committee room (19/n).
Happy to share my invited News and Views piece in Nature Chemistry
@NatureChemistry
on a beautiful piece of work by
@SpruijtLab
on a short peptide "stickers-and-spacers"-based synthon for biomolecular condensation via liquid-liquid phase separation.
I'm excited about my 3rd visit & seminar at Stanford University
@StanfordUChem
@Stanford
on Aug 15 before I go to Denver, Colorado to attend & speak at the American Chemical Society meeting. Looking forward to interacting with friends at Stanford/Bay Area.
I am so delighted & honored to be delivering a seminar at the University of Delhi (Dept of Biochemistry, South Campus) on July 28. The University of Delhi (founded in 1922) is commemorating 100 years. Looking forward to giving a centenary talk & interacting with students/faculty.
There were several professors (~ 15) on the interview panel and they must have been a little surprised to see my backpack and I was short of breath. My interview went for ~ 40 min and I did very well. It couldn’t have been better (20/n).
I'm now ready to commence my longest air travel so far: Delhi-Doha-São Paulo (Qatar Airways). The total travel time is >20 hours including a 2 hour layover in Doha. Now enjoying good food and beverage in Delhi Capitals at the Delhi International Airport. Boarding is in 2 hours.
Today my father Mr. Ashok Mukhopadhyay is turning 80. His insights in history/geography and interest in science (although he studied commerce & law) shaped my early life. I can't thank enough my parents & sister for giving me an awesome childhood.
My fave family photo (Puri 1980)
On the occasion of Mother's Day, I share my sister's rice ceremony photo (1980). My mother Namita Mukhopadhyay studied Arts & Law & worked as a high-ranking official for Indian Railways. She supported my scientific pursuit when everyone wanted me to study engineering or medicine.
Happy to share my short interview for the Biophysical Society TV on our latest discovery.
Thank you
@BiophysicalSoc
for the interview.
#bps2022
Here is the link:
Prion Protein Biophysics with Samrat Mukhopadhyay via
@YouTube
Today, two PhD students, Ashish Joshi
@AshishJ87810510
& Sandeep Rai
@Sandeep61011718
(13th & 14th students) submitted their PhD theses. They did some super exciting work on biomolecular condensates of different neuronal proteins using single-molecule FRET & other cool methods.
Happy to share our latest paper in JBC (Journal of Biological Chemistry)
@jbiolchem
describing how sub-stoichiometric Hsp104 controls amyloid formation from a yeast prion domain.
Congratualtions to
@SayantaIISERM
@AnushaSarbahi
@PriyankaMadhu15
& Hema.
My performance in BSc (Jadavpur University) was quite well & my MSc admission was guaranteed there (and I already got into some institutions including IITs). But it was a dream to pursue integrated PhD at IISc (that was and is still the top choice for students after BSc) (2/n).
Exciting update!
Anamika Avni
@AnamikaAvni
a PhD student in our lab is selected for a platform talk (and a session co-chair) at
@BiophysicalSoc
meeting (San Francisco, Feb 2022).
She will talk about her cool results on single-droplet Raman in condensates (22nd Feb at 4:45 PM).
On this day, 26 years ago, I made it to the integrated PhD program at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc)
@iiscbangalore
. Last year (on the 25th anniversary), I posted a fascinating story in a Twitter thread describing my journey to IISc. I'm now reposting the Twitter thread.
25 years ago: June 1997. I was selected for the highly competitive & coveted integrated PhD (MS + PhD) program at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore. My life changed forever. Whatever little I have done, I owe it to IISc. I narrate a fascinating story. Read on (1/n)
18 years ago (2005) during my short stint at TIFR Mumbai before I went to Scripps for my postdoc:
With G. Krishnamoorthy (GK) & his daughter (Kurinchi) (photo credit: Rosalind, GK's wife)
My research career was hugely influenced by GK who is well-regarded as a fluorescence pundit
The train got delayed by 3 hours and I got a chance to organize things. I spoke with officials and showed them my interview letter and my canceled reservations. Finally, after looking at all the documents, I was assured of a seat up to Madras (11/n).
I'm so excited to share that my first PhD student
@IISERMohali
, Neha Jain
@Jain_Lab
, who is now an Associate Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Jodhpur
@bsbe_iitj
@IITJodhpur
is selected as a Young Associate of the Indian National Science Academy
@INSA_Academy
.
Thank you for your interest in my Twitter thread. I’ll be happy if youngsters draw inspiration from my story & become scientists/professors. Science provides you with a great opportunity to discover nature, invent new things & teach/mentor/motivate the new generation of students.
25 years ago: June 1997. I was selected for the highly competitive & coveted integrated PhD (MS + PhD) program at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore. My life changed forever. Whatever little I have done, I owe it to IISc. I narrate a fascinating story. Read on (1/n)
It was so wonderful that Prof. Sandhya Vishweshwaraiah from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, paid a quick visit to my lab today during her visit to IISER Mohali.
I am excited and honored to be invited as a speaker and discussion leader at the Gordon Research Conference
@GordonConf
on Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (Les Diablerets, Switzerland in June 2022).
This is by far the best community meeting in our field.
Finally, I reached Bangalore Station at ~ 8:30 AM and rushed into an auto-rickshaw (my first ride in this😀). The driver started driving too fast seeing me in haste. I was frightened and told him to drive slowly. I didn’t want to meet with an accident on my way to IISc (17/n).
Finally, I located a train called Guwahati-Bangalore Express that was stranded on a dark platform almost isolated from the main station. In the midst of lightning, thunder, and tumultuous rain, I managed to board the train (14/n).
19 years ago: April 2004. I submitted my thesis. It was a privilege to work under the tutelage of Uday Maitra
@maitrau
@IIScBangalore
. During my PhD, I got a chance to collaborate with CNR Rao
@jncasr
& G. Krishnamoorthy
@TIFRScience
& published my work in JACS, Angewandte, etc.
We are hosting P. Balaram for our Institute Colloquium on November 10
@IISERMohali
. We welcome everyone from our neighboring institutions in the Mohali Knowledge City Cluster to attend the colloquium by one of the most eloquent speakers. Looking forward to seeing you on the 10th.
We made an exciting discovery today.
Sharing screenshots of beautiful images of phase-separated intracellular condensates (membrane-less organelles):
Nuclear condensates (nucleoli are dark) & cytoplasmic condensates of the same protein under two conditions.
🔬
#FluorescentFriday
Today Sayanta defended his PhD thesis with flying colors! Congratulations, Dr. Sayanta Mahapatra
@SayantaIISERM
🎉
His thesis work aimed at elucidating the mechanism of chaperone-mediated prion-like propagation of a yeast prion. He published 2 papers in JBC (one co-corresponding).
Happy to share Sayanta's interview in Biopatrika
@biopatrika
, a leading science magazine in India.
Sayanta
@SayantaIISERM
is a PhD student in my lab. His work elucidates the complex mechanism of chaperone-mediated prion-like propagation of a yeast prion.
I thought I had missed a big opportunity. Interviews have already started and it would take nearly 2 days (~ 36 hours) to reach Bangalore. Then I looked at the letter carefully; my interview was scheduled for June 18 at 9 AM – I had about 45 hours to reach Bangalore (8/n).
Wonderful to host Mamatha
@MamatharaniV
, a PhD student working with
@Krishanpal_K
at
@IISERPune
. She performed some cool experiments in the last 4 weeks in our lab. Yesterday, in our lab meeting, she presented her amazing results. We are very excited about this collaboration.
I had got just 2 hours to catch the train (Coromandel Express) from Howrah Station. I immediately decided to make the best of this opportunity. My parents were at their respective offices. My grandma and sister became very tense to see that I started packing to leave (9/n).
Two years into the pandemic, several waves, lockdown, reduced occupancy - nothing could stop my diligent, fearless students.
It's time to look back on our scientific output in the past 2 years and feature talented junior authors. I'm proud of them (both current & former members)
Today Priyanka Madhu defended her thesis on "Mechanistic Insights into the Interaction of Conformationally Distinct Amyloid-β Oligomers with the Prion Protein and Lipid Membranes".
She is the 8th Ph.D. graduate from our lab.
Congratulations Dr. Priyanka Madhu
@PriyankaMadhu15
Such a wonderful gift from my student (who will go to Harvard for his posdoc), Dr. Sandeep Rai
@Sandeep61011718
:
A super-resolution microscopy image of multiphasic protein-RNA condensates (recorded by him &
@RoopsieK
) printed on this tie, which I plan to wear during my lectures.
Congratulations to graduating students from our lab on receiving their degrees at our convocation
@IISERMohali
Depapriya
@DebapriyaIISERM
& Aishwarya
@Aishwarya788
received their PhD degrees
Neha
@_NehaPunia
received her BS-MS degree.
They are heading to some top institutions.
I am honored to be nominated as a Council Member of the Biophysical Society (BPS) for the 2023 BPS election. BPS members can take a look at the slate of candidates (biographical sketches and statements) and vote before August 1st.
Greetings from the Moscone Center in San Francisco!
My short interview with Biophysical Society TV is done. It was super-exciting to talk about our latest discovery. I was a little nervous during the recording. Hope it went well 🤞
Well, I'll know tomorrow & will post the link.
I wrote the entrance exam that was held in early May at many centers across India including in Calcutta (now Kolkata). My exam went quite well and I was certain of getting shortlisted for the on-campus interview that was scheduled to be held from June 16 - 18, 1997 (3/n).
I'm delighted to announce that Debapriya Das
@DebapriyaIISERM
will be heading to San Diego for her postdoc at Scripps
@scrippsresearch
. She'll be working with my postdoc advisor, Ashok Deniz who is one of the brightest scientists I've worked with. We wish Debapriya great success!
Congratulations to graduating students from our lab on receiving their degrees at our convocation
@IISERMohali
Depapriya
@DebapriyaIISERM
& Aishwarya
@Aishwarya788
received their PhD degrees
Neha
@_NehaPunia
received her BS-MS degree.
They are heading to some top institutions.
I am humbled and honored to be featured on the first page of the February 2022 Issue of the Biophysical Society Bulletin.
Thank you
@BiophysicalSoc
Thanks to all my former and current students, colleagues, and friends for their contributions and support.
I am excited, humbled, and honored to be selected as one of the four speakers for the prestigious "New and Notable" session at the Biophysical Society meeting
@BiophysicalSoc
Congratulations to my amazing team - former & current members
@SamratLabMohali
19 years ago: April 2004. I submitted my thesis. It was a privilege to work under the tutelage of Uday Maitra
@maitrau
@IIScBangalore
. During my PhD, I got a chance to collaborate with CNR Rao
@jncasr
& G. Krishnamoorthy
@TIFRScience
& published my work in JACS, Angewandte, etc.
25 years ago: June 1997. I was selected for the highly competitive & coveted integrated PhD (MS + PhD) program at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore. My life changed forever. Whatever little I have done, I owe it to IISc. I narrate a fascinating story. Read on (1/n)
15 years ago, on this day (Nov 4, 2008), I arrived in Chandigarh to give a faculty candidate seminar at
@IISERMohali
where I spent ~15 years. Had a good run here. Very grateful to IISER Mohali & my talented students who did extremely well.
A picture of our transit campus in 2008:
I reserved my seats on the trains quite early. There was no direct train from Howrah (main station near Kolkata) to Bangalore – Howrah to Madras (now Chennai) by Coromandel Express and then Madras-Bangalore Mail (total travel time including a stopover in Madras ~ 36 hours) (4/n).