Euan Arnott
@Nucleocapsoid
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Please read this excellent factual summary by
@0bFuSc8
As one *might* have suspected, Rossevelt Country, New Mexico - site of initial MICE with B3.13 (cow genotype) H5N1 - now has positive diary herd. But samples showing this had been "banked" since APRIL.
APRIL. 😡
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@NNkinsi
@farid__jalali
"No, we enjoy getting sick, but we're planning to do it later in the year when we have more time to enjoy it fully".
Earnest-but-casual straight face-manner very important when delivering this line (don't allow any hint of sarcasm to enter your tone).
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Brilliant and much-needed paper *conclusively* showing SARS-2 culturable from AEROSOLS <10um and that asymtomatic produce infectious aerosols too. Great work - a MUST READ paper!
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Folks, why is Flu-A in sewage so high REPEATEDLY in *Illinois*?
No reported H5N1 in cows in IL
CDC website data
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@SolidEvidence
Fresno just had their annual Raw Milk Festival, including frozen raw milk to take away for your cat (I kid you not - Google it!): wonder if there could be any linkage to SF Flu-A spikes in waste-water?
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Colorado's testing for H5N1 in farm milk tanks has PAID OFF immediately with extra detections. Testing bulk tanks is *regular & compulsory*: this is the way to tackle bovine H5N1!
Update: Colorado reports 10 new dairy cases confirmed on Aug 5. Nine cases were identified through bulk tank testing.
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@beansprouts_mom
You can catch it at your work
(Just the place it will lurk!)
Don't trust those who say "Just a cold!"
(That one sure is getting OLD!)
All those poor Olympic swimmers coughing at the pool,
Quite reminded me of my kids' unventilated school!
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@DontPushThat
@jtrebach
Well, that WOULD also explain the otherwise mysterious venous "suction"...
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@SolidEvidence
May be quite wrong, but lack of *official reporting* of infected herds does not *totally* convince me that there are no H5N1-infected cows in CA: reporting you have H5N1 in your herd is still pretty costly (no federal subsidy YET).
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@sigallab
Brilliant work!
Really important results:
1) ANTIBODIES needed to clear infections (rather than T-cells)
2) Getting patients onto correct, REGULAR anti-HIV antivirals was key to them clearing chronic SARS-2
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@JimBethell
@healthyopinion
@HelenRSalisbury
@NHSEngland
I think you should take better care of your WhatsApp messages.
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@mryoung151
@EricTopol
Very unfair comment! The mice were of course promptly put on a waiting list. And are still on it. I am sure that will resolve their problems.
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@LazarusLong13
Another topic people REALLY struggle with is that initial human H5N1 may be comparatively "mild" due to imperfectly adapted virus, but that does not guarantee severity will not increase later as H5N1 adapts to humans (like 1918 2nd-wave vs "mild" 1st wave). Keep educating!?
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@RickABright
@RickABright
: as several others have already commented, think the NM
#93
milk used to inoculate the mice was NOT heat-treated. Have re-read paper several times, and believe NM
#93
is UN-treated infected milk. Important to correct your Tweet if you agree after reviewing paper?
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@Sandyboots2020
After just tolerating this sort of low-level rudeness for a long while, definitely time to call it out. It's like people giggling and pointing at someone in a wheelchair or because they have Afro hair - just should not happen.
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@StashColTV
I have come to the realisation that very few people truly do consistently "love their neighbor": it actually takes a lot of effort and stamina, after all, and I am certainly not always the best of humans either! But have a hug from me...🤷♂️
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As well as confirming ASYMPTOMATIC infectiousness via <10um aerosols, paper shows: greater infectiousness soon after onset, but with a LONG TAIL (> 1 week); HETEROGENEOUS infectiousness (30% "major emitters"); low PCR Ct-value predicts positive culture.
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Just note there is a COW from KANSAS in new.release which seems to have *E627K* as well as M631L (April 27th).
We've been WAITING for PB2:E627K to pop up for while in cattle, so did not want us to miss it amid all the other sequences!
@PeacockFlu
@RolandBakerIII
@MegCattell
H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b | PB2 - from 937 WGS runs uploaded in NCBI (USA/2024) | updated 6/28/2024
Thanks to consensus fasta sequences from Anderson Lab ()
… 2/n
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Many will feel we "knew" all this long before by piecing together numerous different studies, case reports, national testing data, biophysical knowledge, logic, and personal experience. But in an age of mis-information, a single definitive paper directly proving it is INVALUABLE.
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@0bFuSc8
@WOAH
@USDA
@HelenBranswell
@RickABright
@thijskuiken
@EckerleIsabella
@MarionKoopmans
Questions need answering:
1) Is H5N1 *circulating* in mice?
2) Even if no mouse-to-mouse transmission, are mice infecting chickens by urinating/defecating (or getting eaten)
OR did mice catch *from* poultry
OR did mice pick up H5N1 by drinking milk & carry H5N1 *to* chickens?
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@RolandBakerIII
@dronico
@RealCheckMarker
But at start of Dustin Hoffman's 'Outbreak", CDC team investigating village wiped out by hemorrhagic fever ALL remove air-fed hoods of their biohazard suits when a random guy says "It's not airborne" without presenting any evidence.
So there is SOME accuracy in Hollywood!
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@PeacockFlu
Had no idea dairy cow feed often fortified with "pollinaza" (chicken manure) as supplemntary source of extra nitrogen & minerals to boost milk yeild. See also very recent declaration of major H5N1 outbreak at huge Texan poultry farm.
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@BirdieBittern
I do hope everyone on the flight washed their hands well to protect themselves from this airborne virus?
Seriously folks, get your MMR vaccine if born after about 1970 - and check that kids are all up-to-date with MMR!
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@cv_cev
@GwynneMP
@GwynneMP
: I would also like to know answer to above question from
@cv_cev
!
Official WHO page recommending switch to JN.1 vaccines (link below) says their efficacy is expected to be 25% higher than older XBB.1.5 vaccines, which is VERY significant!
Rather good WHO summary about why JN.1 vaccines are now superior to older XBB.1.5 ones.
Would be interested to see more detail on their modelling work that suggests 25% greater efficacy for JN.1 vaccines: that is LARGE advantage!
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@SolidEvidence
Fascinating! How quickly do you think the "Cryptic played backwards" part might have taken? i.e. assuming that bat-gut proto-SARS-2 started being transmitted nose-to-nose at some point in some "not-bat", how many viral generations would you guess were needed to get to Wuhan-1?
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@Sheep_in_fog
My first (cynical, suspicious-minded) concerns was that the original screenshot was in some way faked, or at least taken out of context. So I went to the source, read the whole Thread, and took my own screenshot. Wow...
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ALL recent Michigan poultry outbreaks of H5N1 have in fact been of COW genotype, B3.13. This is a dual cow/chicken outbreak.
Likely true in ALL states significantly affected (TX, MI, MN, ID, CO, IA) & will *remain* the case until we figure out HOW poultry are get infected.
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@LongDesertTrain
@BorisUitham
Thanks. Never keen on mutations near S1/S2 FCS like 675H and 679R. And just so MANY mutations overall! Any molnupiravir signature?
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@SolidEvidence
Thanks, as ever, for pursuing these mega-shedding Cryptics - and educating us about them! They do keep bringing to my mind Feline CoV and its (scary) within-host mutational transformation into fatal FIP: I cannot imagine the NJ host is feeling particularly great...
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So the long-awaited ALPACA sequence shows that its PB2 is exactly the same as bovine B3.13 H5N1? Alpaca unlikely to be milked on shared machine with cows, so transmission mechanism not likely udder-to-udder. Respiratory? Muzzle contact? Oral? Cat involved??
PB2 mutational profile of the recently uploaded non-cattle sequences
All have characteristic host adaptation signal PB2 M631L
4/n
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UKHSA tender for several 10,000's of H5N1 vaccine doses to be PHYSICALLY delivered by Dec 2024. Nice *little* addition to existing ""promissory futures deal" with CSL Sequiris for several millions of FUTURE doses to be manufactured if H5N1 spills over.
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@SleepyJim0
I am in the UK. To me you can mention - even discuss at length - COVID. And I wear a mask much of the time (and ALWAYS in settings which vulnerable people cannot avoid - e.g. medical). You are NOT alone!
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@0bFuSc8
@WOAH
@USDA
@HelenBranswell
@RickABright
@thijskuiken
@EckerleIsabella
@MarionKoopmans
Thank you again for tireless pursuit of info.
H5N1 in wild mice seems like pretty big deal to me, so VERY unfortunate there has been delay & lack of clarity in USDA communicating mouse sequences...
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This is REALLY important in context of MPOX:
16/ Airborne does NOT mean highly contagious
Pulmonary TB is 100% airborne AND less contagious than COVID. You don't see 700 infected returned travelers for TB either.
All the epi observations are explained by airborne:
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@BarryHunt008
Careful analysis by
@dominiksteige
shows that rising level of virus in sewage is NOT correlated to rise of JN.1 - e.g. shown by XBB-specific sequence markerss rising just as steeply. So you can probably take high wastewater virus at face value...
Wastewater viral load (normalized, data up to Dec 3) in Austria and JN.1 fractions in wastewater. November 22, the JN.1 fraction was determined to constitute 13%. BA.2.86 was at 9%.
The major part of the absolute growth cannot be attributed to JN.1.
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On another topic of special interest to me, MUCOSAL IMMUNITY is suggested to be important as a way of suppressing shedding of infectious aerosol: if aerosolised virus is antibody-neutralised, it's not infectious (of course)!
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@SolidEvidence
Did not realise identity of alternative receptor enabled by E484D was known - thanks! Not hugely cheered that TMEM106B receptor is associated with various neurodegenerative diseases, although unclear what impact would be of SARS-2 using it for entry?
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This is a really good way to display the RATE of growth of known H5N1-infected herds in different states. Captures much more info than just bar chart. Please keep doing these
@FluAlert_
? 🙏
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@CDCFlu
Dairies are often hot, and work is very physical and often sweaty: cumbersome PPE at all times is a big ask. Would focus on EYE PROTECTION, since H5N1 likes human eyeballs. N95 RESPIRATOR next. H5N1 is NOT entering via skin: just wash up well after work?
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Have to hope McHenry waste is not coming from Pork King Meat Packing and its lagoons!
@SolidEvidence
must know where Id 462 sampling site in McHenry IL?
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You're right! PB2: Q591R in Minnesota COWS is a BIG DEAL!
An actual 🚨, in fact...
Similar to finding celebrity mutation E627K (& same ANP32 function).
Note 701N & 271A were less famous keys to sealions & mink spill-overs, and 591R *may* be similar turning point now.
Seems like this hasn't gotten the attention it deserves.
@RajlabN
points out that several recent H5N1 sequences from Minnesota cow milk have PB2 Q591R, which has a very similar effect as the classic mammalian-adaptive E627K mutation.
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@Friesein
Swabbing *coughed-up* mucus has been MAJOR way our family has detected RE-infections: 1st infections had copious virus in all secretions, but 2nd were only +ve with deep Nasopharyngeal (NP) and/or tracheal mucus. HAVE done multiple controls to demonstrate validity of method.
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@Sandyboots2020
Glad you finally found and got some Novavax - and spread good respirator practice into the bargain! 🌞
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@jljcolorado
@WHO
Thanks for this thorough walk-through "review" of WHO report! Is anyone going to educate existing doctors in details of new thought processes about "transmission through air"? Hopefully we don't just have to wait three decades for new graduates to replace most current staff!?
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@mytk56
@kprather88
@Risinger1L
@WHO
My thinking is that social distancing ACTUALLY helped lots, but not for reasons that were initially given! Aerosol (tiny floaty droplet) exhalation cloud spreads out like smoke from infected person, so being further away DOES help in moderately ventilated/filtered environments.
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Removing all but the absolute highest readings over last two weeks leaves these three Illinois locations: what is putting Flu-A into waste-water at these sites?
@0bFuSc8
@JusDayDa
@__AParker__
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@0bFuSc8
@JusDayDa
@__AParker__
Knox County has Galesberg as big conurbation, which appears from cursory GoogleMaps look to have some large meat-packing industrial units to SW of city?
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@AltenbergLee
This large study in Cell suggests that there IS a substantial anti-Spike antibody contribution from bone marrow LLPC's. One difference might be that Cell study looks more at people with MULTIPLE Spike exposures (e.g. 2 x 💉 + 🦠)?
@Daltmann10
SARS-CoV-2-infection- and vaccine-induced antibody responses are long lasting with an initial waning phase followed by a stabilization phase: Immunity
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@criticalsfl
@perpetual_sisu
Hopefully you will be able to use your superpower of claivoyance to help others and fight crime?
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@mytk56
@kprather88
@Risinger1L
@WHO
The inaccuracy of ignoring aerosol nature of spread in 2020 (and later) meant that people did not understand that social distancing was pretty futile in an un-ventilated/un-filtered office where staff sat at desks together for 8 hours a day. Or indeed in similar classrooms...
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Have removed clutter of low-concentration green dots and also grey "insufficient data" ones
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Figures below take a little mental effort to understand (at least it you are me...), but these are the ones showing that people with lots of antibodies are much less likely to shed infectious <10um aerosol (NB - mucosal immunity is assumed to correlate with serum levels):
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@Alexander_Tin
@USDA
@MegCattell
Think you may have previously mentioned possibility of HUMAN vectors for H5N1 travelling from dairy cows to poultry? This was the 1st time I'd seen it written in USDA report: knowing there were people who worked both places seems important!
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@kprather88
@WHO
There seemed to be hints in the wording that this strange new muddle of nomenclature was not absolutely final? Is there a chance that enough FORMAL push-back might trigger a re-think? And who could organise that diplomatically built forcefully?
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@kprather88
I came to same masking plan for my most recent air travel: was slightly concerned with making up my own compromise behaviour, so it's interesting to see some convergent decision making going on - hope trip goes well!
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Genomic analysis: Clade-1a MPOX in DRC has low APOBEC mutational signature compared to Clade-1b, suggesting humans (often kids) catching 1a from ANIMALS, whereas 1b is circulating HUMAN-to-HUMAN.
APOBEC = human mutagenic "defensive editing" protein
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Given HPAI H5N1 in US dairy cattle with mammalian 631L adaptation, probably time to (re-)read this EXCELLENT 2018 review in Nature by Prof Wendy Barclay et al. A great primer for those of us not well-versed in avain influenza!
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@MegCattell
That appears to quite some detective work?! Has no one else noted this previously? No one seemed to be going right back to thinking about that 2022 Colorado human case after H5N1 popped up in early 2024 in Texas cows...
@0bFuSc8
@cramsey
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@ukhadds
@LongDesertTrain
@SolidEvidence
Wonder if choice of culture cell line (lung-derived) is responsible for lower culturability of Omicron in comparison to Beta? Authors explicitly say no conclusions can be drawn from this work about RELATIVE infectiousness of variants examined, but lower Omicron bar catches eye...
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@TRyanGregory
Ridiculous! It is well known that obesity and poor diet are rife in Tour de France competitors. And Olympic athletes are little better: sedentary & inactive lifestyles abound. Given these risk factors, *of course* they are significantly affected by COVID! Get real...
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We *used* to see purple dot in CA too, but more recently it really is mostly Illinois...
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@MegCattell
Well I did wonder if dairies had EQUIPMENT capacity to fulfil guidance to heat-treat all infected milk...
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@SolidEvidence
Even an imperfect nasal vaccine (LAV?) that greatly limited transmission would cut prevalence & mean fewer hosts to evolve in/through. Slower evolution would mean slower cycle of vaccine updates needed, and hence maintain vaccine efficacy longer: beneficial positive feedback!
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@RolandBakerIII
@MegCattell
, H5N1 in *mice* might be "mystery vector" carrying bovine H5N1 into chicken sheds? And could also produce feline H5N1 infections lacking direct connection to dairy herds...
Was skeptical when
@JusDayDa
suggested H5N1 in mice, but here we are!
11 Domestic mice infected with H5N1 in Roosevelt County, New Mexico added to the list today.
USDA: Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals:
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@dgurdasani1
Absolutely agree: there was a strange determination to avoid any linkage of pediatric hepatitis to SARS-2. Given fairly long time gap in Israel study between SARS-2 infection and hepatitis, I wonder if post-COVID EBV reactivation could play a role?
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@LongDesertTrain
Glad someone is watching out for all these highly-divergent Chronic sequences (and PLEASE keep doing so!), but it seems really odd that this important work is done for free by you when I would have HOPED the CDC (or NIH/NIAID) would have a whole team working on this topic?!
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@PeacockFlu
If you recall, BSE occurred after UK cattle-food rendering plants lowered cooking temperature used for "sterilising", thereby allowing Scrapie prions to survive processing (ground-up de-fleshed sheep carcasses were legitimately included in "high protein" cattle feed).
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@RickABright
I will gladly take it.
Might have preferred KP.2 formulation, but JN.1 is huge improvement over more doses of (next best) XBB.1.5.
Protection from severe illness by BINDING antibodies will be solid even if NEUTRALISING antibodies could be slightly better with KP.2. formula.
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This Kesav Lab paper is study I've really been waiting for on H5N1 2.3.4.4b: exploring quantitatively how virus adapts in different species across all genes as prognostic for spill-over to humans!
@0bFuSc8
@MegCattell
@RolandBakerIII
@FluRadar_
@Matthew_ABCD
@cramsey
New work: Decoding non-human mammalian adaptive signatures of 2.3.4.4b
#H5N1
to assess its human adaptive potential.
We aim to understand the non-human mammal adaptations of panzootic 2.3.4.4b H5N1 and assess the human adaptive potential of 2.3.4.4b H5N1
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@PeacockFlu
If chicken manure is similarly used in *PIG* food as a cheap nitrogen/mineral supplement, that might concern you even more?!
These farming details are little know outside their respective industries, so this was a concern I did not even know EXISTED until yesterday!
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@ukhadds
@LongDesertTrain
@SolidEvidence
My interest in mucosal antibodies (whether local sIgA or trans-udated IgG) as a possible factor limiting transmission was part of discussion as to why fairly numerous Chronic infections (i.e. long-term NP +ve) almost never transmit.
Yet we know transmission from these individuals is extremely low—the vast majority are singlets.
@nucleocapsoid
proffered an interesting hypothesis on this that I’d never heard: Perhaps secretory antibodies (sIgA) in these patients… 14/15
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@RickABright
@PKBoyle
@AAMCtoday
@mtosterholm
Am I correct that we still don't understand mechanism of H5N1 spread between cattle? Are ALL the farms with outbreaks linked by known exchanges of cows? (these should all be well-documented) Or is *another* animal vector involved? (e.g. cat, possum, racoon, or bird).
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@mytk56
@kprather88
@Risinger1L
@WHO
So having an *incorrect* mental picture of larger droplets falling to the ground over 6 feet was WRONG, but produced behaviours that often (but certainly NOT always) helped reduce spread! Right sort of behaviour (in SOME environments), but wrong reasons...
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@drkristenkc
@IFLScience
Sometimes the comments are saying "thank you for your work", though...
Thank you for your work!
See? 😉
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Really nice summary of why Social Distancing WORKS (in a ventilated space) for AEROSOL-bourne viruses.
Best clear, concise phrasing I have seen: thanks!
6/ In short:
a) Correct empirical observation: DISTANCE reduces transmission of resp. diseases
b) Incorrect interpretation by Chapin in 1910: (a) is because sprayborne droplets fall to the ground
c) Correct interpretation: distance increases dilution
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>60% of USDA-surveyed farmers moved cows off their farms AFTER they had clinically-identified outbreak of bovine H5N1.
My guess is that 10% of cows with milk-drop are NOT only ones in the herd who are infected, so some of the cows moved are likely ASYMPTOMATICALLY infected...
Having more than 60% of farms continuing to move animals off the farm after onset of clinical designs is obviously not great..
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@LongDesertTrain
This thread partly addressed my "What's AFTER KP.3* de-FLuQE?" question! Am aware we haven't got exciting new variant booked in for Winter yet. BA.2.86 was Aug-23 discovery, so still plenty of shopping days left for saltation candidates, but new KP.3 base clearly has potential!
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@TRyanGregory
This seems very surprising
@JPWeiland
? I thought JN.1* was easily out-competing all XBB descendants (including HK.3) globally,
@siamosolocani
? Is something surprising occurring in Japan?! Thanks for help...
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@EckerleIsabella
Can we possibly 🙏 all just focus on preventing H5N1 zoonosis, rather than trying to create unnecessary linkage to entirely unrelated discussion? When there is a fire in the kitchen, let's just put it out before the house burns, rather than debating who crashed the car last week?
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Useful formal discussion of what we'd all expect; H5 switch to 2,6-SA binding is likely to make H5N1 less lung-tropic & lethal than original avian-style 2,3-SA binding, while at the same time making virus much more transmissable. Question is: just how lethal is "less lethal"??
Mortality of H5N1 human infections might be due to H5N1 virus pneumonia and could decrease by switching receptor
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@ukhadds
@LongDesertTrain
@SolidEvidence
Note that Ryan Hisner is (correctly) skeptical that mucosal immunity is the over-riding barrier preventing Chronics transmitting - and he is VERY much worth Following if you have any interest in ongoing issue of Chronic SARS-2 infections!
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@0bFuSc8
@JusDayDa
@__AParker__
Believe these are:
Id:452 Knox IL
Id:462 Mchenry IL
Id:487 Saint Clair IL
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@PeacockFlu
Okay, this US agriculture article from 2020 tell you pretty much everything you might ever want to know about chicken manure used in cattle feed: *processing methods*, current practices, legal history, nutrient benefits, cost, etc. Please HAVE A READ!
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Sure you will have read the South African bioaerosol paper already, but since it is just so useful and long-awaited:
@ukhadds
@LongDesertTrain
@SolidEvidence
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Appreciate super-high H5 detection could be one-off as something very full of H5 goes down drain just this once, but ARKANSAS reading seems worth keeping an eye on?
Sure you have already seen this, but flagging just in case
@0bFuSc8
@RickABright
@MegCattell
@RolandBakerIII
🚨🇺🇸 H5 INFLUENZA WASTEWATER ALERT: RECORD-BREAKING LEVELS IN BOONE, ARKANSAS
📍 City of Harrison WWTP, Boone County
📅 August 19, 2024
🔴 H5 Level: 537 PMMoV Normalized (↑376%)
🔁 Previous: Jul 15 (112 PMMoV) - 35d prior
⚠️ Highest H5 level in
@WastewaterSCAN
#H5N1
#BirdFlu
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@GourlaySyd
@KinCONN
@RolandBakerIII
Top row: avian flu ("H5N1")
Bottom row: seasonal flu*
*Flu-A/B positive control
Concentration equal across rows
FlowFlex good for both
MoLab works, but takes a hit
Wondfo only does seasonal flu
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@SolidEvidence
Excellent scientific detective work that solved a genuine mystery about the Cryptics" source: I had been expecting rats to be the origin ever since the first NY sewer cryptics were revealed. But you showed pretty definitively it was HUMANS!
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No vaccine for Unpaid Carers in UK this Autumn, apparently?
Please read Thread and campaign where necessary using Form Letter included in order to get vaccines back for Carers and also Families of the Immunocompromised.
This chipping awat at who gets offerred vaccine must stop.
🚨CHANGE TO COVID VACCINE POLICY
The UK vaccinates essential contacts of high-risk people against 'flu.
💔 Covid usually kills more than 'flu
💉 Vaccines reduce transmission
💷 But Covid vaccines cost more...
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#ProtectThoseWhoProtectUs
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Is this apparently major difference ALL down simply to PB2: E627K in Texas human H5N1 case vs signature M631L in bovine B3.13 genotype? Both mammal-adaptive, but E627K more enhancing? If so, am not reassured, since B3.13 has been adding *other* PB2 mutations since Michigan...
🆕🇺🇸 CDC H5N1 Response Update - Lab Study:
New H5N1 ferret study compares Michigan (MI) & Texas (TX) 2024 strains:
▶️ MI virus less severe; more representative of current H5N1 risk
▶️ TX strain fatal in all ferrets; no MI-infected ferrets died
▶️ Both showed limited
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@PeacockFlu
Someone needs to check if there was any similar legal change allowing lower-temperature 'cooking' of "pollinaza" (chicken manure) used in Texan dairy feed (and indeed check if that pollinaza/gallinaza practice indeed occurs at all in USA!).
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@ukhadds
@LongDesertTrain
@SolidEvidence
If super-long-term, crazily-evolving GUT infections with SARS-2 ("Cryptic Lineages") are more your thing, then Prof Marc Johnson
@SolidEvidence
is the key academic - and worth Following just for enthralling phylogentic detective work stories of discovering & tracking Cryptics...
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@JusDayDa
@MarionKoopmans
@RickABright
@USDA
@USDA_APHIS
@GISAID
@UMNmoosroom
Remember seeing that North Carolina had positive H5N1 tests in asymptomatic cows, but do you have a link to that so I can learn more?
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@LongDesertTrain
@siamosolocani
Really helpful - thanks! So this shows pretty clearly that fragments of old lineages - living on as multi-year Chronic infections - can recombine successfully with new circulating lineages to produce mix-and-match chimeras: not really the news I wanted 😥
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Rather good WHO summary about why JN.1 vaccines are now superior to older XBB.1.5 ones.
Would be interested to see more detail on their modelling work that suggests 25% greater efficacy for JN.1 vaccines: that is LARGE advantage!
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@PharmaDRclinic
@mcke63g
Athough I do understand your use of "worried-well' as recognised medical term, I must say it irked me, and I have to agree with previous poster that "no underlying conditions disclosed" might be less irritating to customers like myself!
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@MegCattell
90% of the Michigan dairies in this report discharged their waste milk into lagoons WITHOUT treating it in any way, though? So regardless of what *should* have been happening, overall outcome was that (at that time), vaste majority of milk was NOT getting heat-treated.
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