Śreṣṭha
@maitra_varuna
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The Tang dynasty capital was home to 3 major clans of Indian astronomers:
瞿曇 - Gautama , 拘摩羅 - Kumāra , 迦 葉 - Kāśyapa
some of whom were settled in China for multiple generations while maintaining their Indian identities & translating key Indian astronomical works .
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I've always wondered why the Hindu Majapahit Empire never appealed to the Vijayanagara Empire for help during its fatal conflicts with the Malacca Sultanate.
The 2 Hindu empires could have easily countered the Ming-backed Sultanate.
But I think I've figured-out why...🧵(1/?):
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Interesting Chinese depiction of Indian travellers along the Silk Road.
Part of a larger scroll painting dated to the 1st year of the Yuan Dynasty (1308).
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The Kalachakra Tantra is unique in that it is one of the few Sanskrit works that actually analyses & references the religious practices of the Turkic invaders in real time.
Although ascribed to the Buddha, the text provides one of the earliest descriptions of Islam in India
More than one million Tibetans attend The 7th Gungthang Rinpoche’s Kalachakra Initiation at Zorge DhongJayi Thang (མཛོད་དགེའི་གདུང་གྱའི་ཐང་།) in Amdo, Tibet. May his wisdom and teaching flourish all over the world and may peace prevail in Tibet
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We need to redesign heritage cities like Ujjain, Ayodhya and Kannauj on the lines of Kathmandu and Patan in Nepal.
A true glimpse into pre-Islamic North India.
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@Sapratha
The Ashoka tree in full bloom as princess Mālavika places her foot on it's trunk. King Agnimitra realises her identity and reveals himself to her
-- Scene from Kalidasa's Mālavikāgnimitram
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TIL that Pashto still uses the Sanskrit calendar for the names of their months:
Phenomenally cucked that India shifted entirely to Gregorian names.
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The duality of man
These people cannot come up with their own memes and jokes so they need to appropriate those of their betters.
Can’t innovate, just imitate. (And always a knock off imitation)
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King Narasimha Deva I of Orissa receiving an African giraffe as tribute.
From a frieze on the Sun Temple in Konark , 1250 CE
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Of all regions, Bengal seems to have suffered the biggest loss of art, architecture and scholarship following the Turkic Invasions.
Taranatha writes a list of artist families & guilds from Bengal and how they completely disappear after the invasions.
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The most famous such astronomer was Gautama Siddha (瞿昙悉达), a 3rd gen Sino-Indian
The Book of Tang records that Siddha was ordered to translate the Navagraha system (九執曆) into Chinese
His work - 开元占经 survives and includes explanations of Indian numerals & place-value
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In 1977 a stele was found in Xi'an documenting the Gautama family's presence in Tang China for at least 110 years, serving the Tang court for 4 generations.
Siddha's grandfather (瞿昙逸) was likely a Brahmin immigrant, while his father and brothers also served in the Tang Court
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Here are dance teachers from Thailand performing abhiṣeka to Natarāja as part of the Wai Khru (พิธีไหว้ครู ) ceremony.
They bathe the idols and apply candana on their limbs.
A ceremony with a direct link to the Khmer Dynasty and Jayavarman II 🧵 (1/)
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A Javanese text from the late 1400s called the Śiwarātrikalpa (ꦯꦶꦮꦫꦴꦠꦿꦶꦏꦭ꧀ꦥ) introduces the practice of Mahā Śivarātri which was previously unknown in Indonesian Hinduism.
Scholars suspect that this ritual was transmitted from Vijayanagara to a dying Majapahit (3/?)
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Gautama Siddha is also recorded as having worked on repairing an iron armillary sphere made by Chao Chong(晁崇) of the Northern Wei Dynasty (713). Perhaps the earliest Indians to work on such a machine.
More info on his life and works:
@Sapratha
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Firstly, let's clarify that Vijayanagara maintained both cultural and trade relations with the empires of South-East Asia.
The trade relations are almost trivially obvious so I won't bother with the details. But we see Hindu religious exchange even as late as the 1480s (2/?)
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24 August 394 AD,
The date of the last known the Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription.
After this the language of the Egyptians is lost for the next 1500 years.
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Man our ‘founding fathers’ had the best opportunity to wipe out caste feudalism and create a Sankritised Hindu-modernity.
Truly a tragedy of history
Somehow we have returned to literal Manusmriti tier definitions of Upper Caste vs Backward Caste with former being twice-borns and latter being Shudras. Affirmative Action is so tempting it makes people want to embrace being a Shudra than have anything to do with Dvijas.
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So where was Vijayanagara when Majapahit was crumbling?
Simple- they were actually allies of the attacking Muslim Sultanates.
How do we know?
Records and Annals from the Malacca Sultanate contain remarkable detail of the Sultanate's friendship with Vijayanagara (4/?)
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Arab horse-trading merchants held very important imperial positions in the courts of the early-medieval Kings of South India.
Kulasekara Pāṇdyan I (1268–1308 CE), the "vanquisher of the Cholas", is recorded as having an Arab prime minister named Takiuddin Abdur Rahman.
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As we see here:
- The Muslim Malays still recognised the Ramayana and the Mahabharate (Pandawa-Jaya)
- The Malays considered their Sultan to be a 'brother' of Krishnadevaraya
Thus we see a very friendly relationship between Vijayanagaras and the Sultanate of Malacca (9/?)
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'Hikayat Hang Tuah' (The Epic of Hang Tuah) is a text describing the exploits of a Malay diplomat - Hang Tuah.
In the text, this Hang-Tuah visits Vijayanagara ('Bijaya-Nagara') and documents complete interactions he had with 'Kisna-Rayan' (Krishnadevaraya) (5/?)
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Just from the above excerpt, we can understand a few things:
The Muslim Sultanate still used Hindu and Sanskrit titles like 'Raja', 'Lakshmana'. In fact the Malays still uses 'Keling' to refer to Indians.
More importantly, the Sultan calls the Indian king his 'brother' (7/?)
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Excerpt below is from a translation of the 'Hikayat Hang Tuah'. Few things to note:
'The Raja' here refers to the Malay Sultan.
'The Lakshmana' - means general/admiral and refers to Hang-Tuah himself.
'Land of the Kelings'- refers to India as whole
(6/?)
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Some Indian music scores from the Tang and Song period still survive. Many were preserved in Japanese records:
The man in this image probably played music like this:
Plenty of Chinese musicians composed music in the [婆罗门引] or Brāhmaṇa Score
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi [r.550-559] plays the 'barbarian drum' while MiaoDa, the grandson of one Brāhmaṇa musician Cao, plays the Kuchean lute:
Read here:
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Upon reaching India, Hang-Tuah manages to find an audience with Krishnadeva Raya ('Kisan Raya') in the city of Vijayanagara ('Bijaya Nagaram')
An entire account of his interaction with the Raya is available in the text. I will post a few highlights in this thread (8/?)
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We also see that the Malay envoy was learned in Sanskrit (unlikely to be Kannada), which he learned in Majapahit.
This is not surprising though, we know Indonesia has been a centre of Sanskrit learning for a long time now.
(10/?)
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@SirJambavan
Rameshwar temple in Uttarakhand covered in Tamil verses from 4000 Divya Prabandham
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Burmese ambassadors to the Mughal court of Akbar II posing for a portrait in Delhi, circa 1817.
The same Burmese kingdom planned an invasion of India in 1813 to liberate Bodh-Gaya from British control.
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- The Malay envoys do not seem to mention the Deccan Sultanates to the north of Vijayanagara.
The Raya of Vijayanagara was the king of 'Kelings' (Indians) and this might have meant that even to the Malays, the Deccan Sultans were not truly 'Indian'. (16/16)
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-The text mentions the Malay envoys wanting to visit both temples and mosques in Vijayanagara. This combined with the use of Sanskrit titles means that even in the Sultanate, the influence of classical Indian culture was still very strong in Malaya. (15/?)
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The text goes into some more detail of the splendour of Vijayanagara, and then praises Hang Tuah some more.
What is most important is that the text describes Hang Tuah becomes an intermediary envoy between Ming China and Vijayanagara (11/?)
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Few concluding remarks:
-It's unclear if Vijayanagara provided troops or aid to the Sultan of Malacca. Its quite possible, given the flowery language used to describe the relationship.
It's also possible Vijayanagara simply stayed neutral during the conflict. Hard to say (14/?)
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The text references a rather impressive list of Arabic religious terminology.
All the while using puns and wordplay to insult the Turushkas with references to wine and pigs
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This would have been a smart move on the part of Krishnadeva Raya because sending a 'mission' to the Chinese emperor is akin to becoming a vassal in the Tributary System
Using the Malay's as an intermediary was likely the quid-pro-quo of Malacca-Vijayanagar relations (12/?)
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People don't realise how much we have in common with Thais. They still use our Navagraha system for the days of the week:
วันอาทิตย์= आदित्य-वार
วันจันทร์ = चन्द्र-वार
วันอังคาร = मङ्गल-वार
วันพุธ = बुध-वार
วันนพฤหัสบดี = बृहस्पति-वार
วันศุกร์ = शुक्र-वार
วันเสาร์ = शनि-वार
Phra Hut Bodi (Brhaspati) "riding a deer" and holding a lance. Second is an artist's depiction of Brhaspati.
As preceptor to the Devas, Brhaspati is also depicted on the Seal of the Teachers' Council of Thailand.
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@kaliyuga_surfer
Sorry man, but Nehru was very mediocre.
His biggest crime was that he got his basics wrong w.r.t public education, healthcare & industrialisation.
He did not develop the needed state-capacity to lift us out of illiteracy & poverty.
We grossly underperformed to our potential.
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Here is a French youtuber that has made a 3 part series (in french) about Shivaji and the Marathas.
Also has full series dedicated to the French presence in Indian in the 1700s
How many Indians make videos about Napoleon?
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@arya_amsha
The argument has never been about tourism. No one realistically wants you to speak fluent Tulu if you’re visiting for a week.
It’s when you live in Bangalore for decades and still refuse to even learn to say the name of the language correctly (Kannad vs Kannada).
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@Sapratha
Nah this is cope tbh. Only really applies to Indonesia/Majapahit.
Malays were Islamized much earlier.
Khmers became Buddhists even earlier and completely collapse by mid 1350s.
Downfall of H in S.E Asia has more to do with loss of trade monopolies to Arabs & sea-travel ban
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The text has some more details about Vijayanagara and I'm linking it here for those interested:
But from this much alone it's fairly clear as to why Vijayanagara did not side with Majapahit in the its conflict with the Malacca Sultanate (13/?)
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@Indrauta_
Did some digging and I suspect this was a Śaiva pilgrim traveling to Kailāsa.
Tagging
@GhorAngirasa
sir in case he is aware of any correspondence between Śaiva maṭhas and Tibetan monasteries. Or possibly any travel records of Śaiva maṭhādhipatis taking yātras to Kailāsa
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Jain manuscript from 1325, depicting the ascetic Kālakācārya recruiting Śaka princes to rescue his sister.
Painted a 1000 years after the end of Śaka rule in India, the Scythians are depicted wearing the Turkic costumes of the early Delhi Sultanate.
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Would refrain from calling any simple self-reflection as being a "Meiji-Restoration like phenomenon"
Huge injustice to the level of analysis, curiosity and intellectual honestly shown by Japanese intellectuals.
No where else in the world comes close
Much less India
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The Sunehri Masjid in Chandni Chowk was originally built by Mughal noble Roshan-ud-Daulah in 1721.
On 22nd March 1739, it became the location from where Afsharid Emperor Nadir Shah, ordered the infamous ‘qatl-e-aam’ or open massacre of Delhi’s inhabitants.
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@arya_amsha
The argument is always targeted at long term immigrants who consider it beneath their dignity to even make an effort to learn the basics.
This attitude is puzzlingly more common with Hindi immigrants than say Bengalis or other South Indians.
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Comparing Vijayanagara frescoes to those of the Chola-Pandya shows how deeply Indian art declines between 1100 - 1400.
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I suspect many moved north into Nepal and Tibet where they found patronage with the other Indian Buddhists that fled to those regions
That also probably explains the strong Pala influence in Tibetan, Mongol and Nepalese art
@guNagarbhaH
several Tanguts received mantra-dIkSha from nAstika-mantravAdin-s from va~Nga. They also acquired the art of making pala-style images of deities direct from the pAla realm rather than an intermediary. This is how that tradition was in part transmitted to chIna. Some of their
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@arya_amsha
Funnily enough most of the Chinese Americans and Korean-Americans I know in uni are devout Christians.
Even in California, I get stopped on campus a minimum of 3-4 times a semester by some Chinese/Korean dude trying to get me to go to Bible study.
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The temples at Philae continued to be the last stronghold of the ancient Egyptian religion till they were officially closed in AD 537 under orders of Justinian I.
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These also hold the last Buddhist sites after their destruction in India
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Boston Museum of Fine Arts has a small but well curated India and SE Asia section
This life sized statue of Sadāśivā is a particular stand out
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We notice Bengali sculpture and architecture changes very drastically after this period.
This curved roof-style temple is in strong contrast with earlier temples like the Siddeshvara Temple in Barakar.
Sculpture as an art-form never seems to have re-emerged in the region.
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South Indian style statues of Bodhisattva Manjuśrī and Avalokiteśvara from Karnataka
Both continue to be worshiped today as Manjunātha and Lokeśvara respectively in the Kadri Manjunatha Temple in Mangalore.
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@Tim_Clif
@AgentSaffron
Wouldn't be too proud of this.
Chinese pejorative for Indians is still 阿三 (Ah-San!) to mock the way Indian soldiers would say "Yes Sir!" to their British overlords.
Sinos of the time used us as an example of what NOT to become - slave footsoldiers of a foreign empire
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The Burmese kings were largely aware of Indian affairs through the large entourage of Brahmins in their court.
These were brought from Manipur, Varanasi or Arakan, & played an important role in Burmese affairs serving as ritualists as well as ambassadors and interlocutors.
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As we see more and more Indians getting internet access, something that the Indian state needs to consider is creating a unified Indic-Keyboard and Romanisation.
i.e An Indian equivalent of pinyin that is capable of rendering sounds from all(most) languages in a QWERTY keyboard
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While we shifted entirely to Gregorian months for official purposes, Thais maintained the month names from the Hindu calendar
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Here is the full video of the ceremony, with Thai Brahmins leading the prayers and dance teachers following suit.
Despite being nominally Theravada Buddhists, we see a strong tradition of continued astika Hindu worship in Thailand. (2/)
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These murals are from the battle of Tamirabarani (1535) between Vijayanagara and the Raja of Travancore.
They did deploy some matchlock artillery in their armies apart from hiring Portuguese mercenaries.
As you rightly point out however, seems to have been too little too late
After Vijayangara won at Raichur, they got very arrogant and complacent. This is because Bijapur gunpowder plus artillery technology wasn't that good in 1520 & a conventional Hindu army easily wiped them off the board.
This made Vijayanagara lax in taking gunpowder and
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Burmese emperor Bodawapaya's planned 1813 invasion of India is recorded in a royal decree to Arakan officials commanding them to plant new crops for 4,000 troops slated to pass through to Bengal and Bodh Gaya at the end of the monsoon
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Around a 150 years later, Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He also encounters a giraffe in Bengal under the possession of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah.
He takes this back with him as a present to the Ming Emperor.
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Overall its quite cool to see the legacy of Kauṇḍinya and other ancient Indian seafarers live on in the lands of Suvarṇabhūmi.
(6/6)
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While the existence of Brahmins and Hindu temples in Thailand are not news to many, few of these temples date back to the Khmer era.
One exception is the San Phra Kan temple in Lobpuri.
It still holds very ancient vigrahas of Vishnu, Shiva and Uma that are worshipped today (5/)
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This is further confirmed by Amir Khusro's description of Malik Kafur's raids into the Pandya kingdom shortly after Kulasekara's death.
Kulasekara's children Sundara and Veera Pāṇdyan employed 20,000 Arab soldiers in their army, who later defect to join Malik Kafur.
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Carved into the Great Temple at Philae by a certain 'Nesmeterakhem', it reads:
Before Mandulis, son of Horus, by the hand of Nesmeterakhem, son of Nesmeter, the Second Priest of Isis, for all time and eternity. Words spoken by Mandulis, lord of the Abaton, great god
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@Sapratha
Middle-Persian song from the early Caliphate period.
Sings a prophecy of 'Shah Vahram Varzavand', a figure who will come from India to overthrow the Arab invaders and restore Zoroastrian rule to Iran.
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While most are aware of the presence of Hinduism and Deva worship in South East Asia, much of it gets covered as Theravada Buddhist.
There also seems to be a renewed interest in Hinduism in Thailand with very beautiful artworks of gods and goddesses created recently. (5/)
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In the same video we get to see the Thai Brahmin begin the ceremony by invoking Sanskrit mantras to Ganesha.
He chants the famous Vakratunda mantra:
वक्रतुण्ड महाकाय सूर्यकोटि समप्रभ ।
निर्विघ्नं कुरु मे देव सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा (4/)
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By far one of the best articles I've read.
Truly puts into perspective any notions of 'civilizational glory' we Indians claim to have.
Fascinating to see how Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong got India right while Nehru and Gandhi got it so wrong
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@arya_amsha
Yeah that was the hardest part for me with my ex.
There’s a complete side of yourself that you lose when you’ve completely code switched to American. Feels inauthentic sometimes
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Appears as though memories of the glories of Vijayanagara had not disappeared even a 100 years after the Battle of Talikota.
French traveler Jean de Thévenot, in 1663 records:
"at that time there was no King in the Indies more powerful than the King of Decan "
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@Hindumachiavel
I've heard this Hanuman theory for a long time.
Remember reading about it on Wikipedia even when I was a kid (2011)
Turns out it was the infamous "India conquered China culturally for 2000 years" Hu Shi (胡適) who came up with this Hanuman theory.
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My pet theory for why we don't see this in India -
Scripts vary drastically across both time and region.
Latin, Greek alphabets & Chinese characters from as far back as 200 BCE onwards are still legible to modern readers, this is not true for Indic scripts...(1/?)
Our note on Antiquarianism in the Song Dynasty.
A brief dive into how archaeology was performed during the Song alongside their motivations and traditions.
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@kaliyuga_surfer
I think the mark of great leaders is that they adequately set up successors for success.
Nehru was in the best position to develop strong local governments with requisite state-capacity. He failed at these basics.
To me this stains his legacy too strongly to ever eulogise him
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This is not even mentioning the peak that was Ajanta- Ellora.
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@Sapratha
From my understanding this amnesia seems to set in strongly only after the U3* invasions. Also seems to be a pan India phenomenon.
Even Tamils forgot who built the grand temple in Thanjavur. Wasn't until 1880s when E. Hultzsch and V. Venkayya rediscovered Rajaraja I.
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@Sapratha
I'm sure the Mongol/Yuan element came in at some point too.
But all of the Malay annals credit Arab/Turkish/Persian sea-farers from the West as being the founders of their dynasties.
Little to no mention of Chinese/Mongols as bringing Islam in any meaningful way.
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For example:
Ta/Ka/Te/ Mal/ Sans:
வேகம்/ ವೇಗ(ಬೇಗ) / వేగము/ വേഗം = वेग ( vēga ) - quick/fast
வித்தியாசம்/ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ/ వ్యత్యాసం/വ്യത്യാസം = व्यत्यास (vyatyāsa) - difference
ஞாபகம்/ಜ್ಞಾಪಕ/ జ్ఞాపక = ज्ञापक (jnāpaka) - memory
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Even at its best, Vijayanagara looks cartoonish and low quality.
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Another video of a Thai abhiṣeka ceremony. This time dedicated to Vishnu:
Notice the style of the larger idol. It looks identical to the main vigraha at Angkor Wat.
This suggests continuous Viṣṇu worship in Thailand directly from the Khmer period (3/)
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Kanji - Eng - Siddham - Devanagari - Katakana
小麦 - Wheat - 𑖐𑖺𑖠𑗜𑖦 - गोधूम -グドマ
大麦 - Barley - 𑖧𑖪 - यव -ヤバ
喜團 - Laddu - 𑖩𑖚𑗜𑖎 - लडुक -ラトキャ
麺 - Flour - 𑖁𑖘𑖯 - आटा -アタ
麺 - Flour - 𑖎𑖜𑖰𑖎 - कणिक- キャニキャ
米 - Rice - 𑖝𑖚𑖨 - तडुर -タドラ ....(1/3)🧵
This Chinese-Sanskrit dictionary (with appended Japanese annotations from a later time) from the Tang period is interesting. “lào 酪” is Sanskrit dadhi, the predecessor word for Hindi dahī (curd/yogurt). I use this to try and identify the exact meanings of Chinese terms.
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@Sapratha
Don't even need to look back that far.
Just one shelf in my univ's Asia section is full of Japanese authors writing about US-Japan, US-China relations.
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@avzaagzonunaada
Think its because France has a decently large Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora.
This is probably just designed for them and adjacent Tamil immigrants.
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॥ ॐ अग्निमीळे पुरोहितं यज्ञस्य देवमृत्विजम् ।
होतारं रत्नधातमम् ॥
॥ अग्निः पूर्वेभिर्ऋषिभिरीड्यो नूतनैरुत ।
स देवाँ एह वक्षति ॥
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@TheEmissaryCo
@omarali50
Oh there is a reason for this - He got most of his inspiration from the Ceylonese Buddhist revival.
This revival is purposefully called "Protestant Buddhism". To put it simply Buddhism was on the decline in SL and the monkhood re-invented it to combat Christian missionaries.
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@Sapratha
@prathgodbole
@AnonDehlvi
@DipmalyaR
There is definitely some Arab element to the whole sea-travel ban.
The last Sanskrit inscription in Cambodia dates to 1309:
The first Jawi-Arabic inscription in Malaysia appears just 6 years earlier in 1303:
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Now that I'm graduating, one of the biggest regrets of my university career is that I haven't been able to take a class with Professor Edward Watts.
Maybe I should take an extra class just for the experience...
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@Sapratha
@prathgodbole
@AnonDehlvi
@DipmalyaR
By 1308, we have Arab horse traders holding strong administrative power in the courts of sea-faring empires like the Pandyas as well.
Arab horse-trading merchants held very important imperial positions in the courts of the early-medieval Kings of South India.
Kulasekara Pāṇdyan I (1268–1308 CE), the "vanquisher of the Cholas", is recorded as having an Arab prime minister named Takiuddin Abdur Rahman.
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@Karthik59178158
Wikipedia has the translation:
Bell was brought to Bangalore from Nanjing by a certain British Captain J.Hall.
Bell clearly states that it was cast in the 5th year of Emperor Qianlong (1750) and that it was cast in Honour of 3 Taoist Deities
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