Per-Olof H Wikström, FBA
@POWikstrom
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Professor Emeritus, University of Cambridge. Professor Malmö University. Situational Action Theory (SAT), its testing & policy and prevention application
Cambridge, England
Joined November 2023
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New year, new tasks. Happy to report that as of today we start a new research project financed by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) focused on advancing knowledge about the causes of violent crime and its prevention: When Violence Become an Alternative.
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The 10 June at 15.30-17.00 a very interesting group and mix of Swedish scholars will comment and discuss our new book at the Stockholm Criminology Symposium
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Finally leaving Copenhagen, going home by train (not allowed flying post surgery) accompanied by my lovely wife and some favourite Rachmaninov music
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Today is the official publication date in Europe for our new book: Character, Circumstances and Criminal Careers
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Hoped for a Semla today but instead hole in my stomach ,ambulance and emergency surgery in Copehagen. Good the Danes has excellent health care
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My co-authors have now received their copy of our new book. I hope mine is waiting for me at home when I arrive tonight! I hope some of you will find the book, its empirical analyses and theoretical discussions, a useful contribution to our understanding of the causes of crime
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Idag publicerar Kvartal en intervju där Henrik Höjer ställer några frågor till mig med utgångspunkt i vår nya bok Character, Circumstances and Criminal Careers och diskussionen av denna på Stockholm Criminology Symposium i måndags.
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I en rapport från 2023 diskuterar jag problemen med den svenska brottspreventionen och behovet av att utveckla en långsiktig & kunskapsgrundad strategi, kan nedladdas här:
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Arriving in Cologne on the way tomorrow to Munster to attend Klaus Thursday retirement talk and dinner and Friday seminar.
Had a nice meal and chat with Clemens and Suzanna at a proper German restaurant. The bratwurst was nice and the apple strudel was truly magnificent!
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After 20 days and five surgeries time to leave Hvidovre hospital in Copenhagen and hopefully slowly get back to some everyday normality
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Having sampled Danish and UK health care over the last year I am grateful for the good care I have received from the doctors, nurses and physios at Hvidovre
@AmagreHvidovre
and Addenbrookes
@CUH_NHS
hospitals. Mange tak! Thank you!
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Dagens dystra Sverigebild i Brittisk tv (SKY news) serverad till morgonkaffet. Ett 30 minuter långt reportage om det svenska gängvåldet. En verklighet som självklart måste hanteras men som OCKSÅ kräver ett nytänkande när det gäller hur den långsiktigt bäst kan påverkas.
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We had a well attended author meet critics session today at the Stockholm Criminology Symposium. Our new book introduced by Kyle. Great thanks to Christopher, Henrik and Michael who provided very nice and insightful comments. Also thanks to Marie for charing the session.
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Frågan om sociala kategorier och deras varierande brottslighet tycks vara en evig fråga. För cirka 40 år sedan (1983) skrev jag i BRÅ-appropå om kunskapsläget gällande sambandet mellan social klass och brottslighet, ett kunskapsläge som inte förändrats nämnvärt sedan dess.
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One central problem in the study of crime and its causes is the tendency to focus either on peoples crime propensities OR places criminogenic inducements when proper explanation requiring taking into account their interaction
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Some Swedish delight you can’t live without at Christmas time
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One valid critique against many mainstream criminological theories is that they are so general (unspecific) that it is difficult to find unique testable implications – theory derived empirical expectations (specific empirical findings can often support many different theories).
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You know you have reached maturity when you get a free bus pass that amazingly is valid in the whole of England except weekday mornings before 09.30.
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Today is the US publication date of our new book (three months after its European publication). Links to its detailed content and the OUP flyer:
Detailed content
OUP flyer:
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För er som deltar i Stockholm Criminology Symposium påminner jag om att vi den 10 juni kl 15.30 har en author meet critics session på vår nya bok ’Character, Circumstances and Criminal Careers’ med en mycket intressant grupp av kommentatorer med varierande bakgrund och inriktning
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Ett tidsdokument och nostalgitripp. Hittade i garaget min första ordentliga forskningsrapport från 1980, när det som gällde var skrivmaskin, Tippex och att handrita kartor. Inte lika elegant som nuförtiden😂
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Empirical studies in criminology are often too loosely connected to the theories they allegedly test. In a recent paper Clemens Kroneberg and I discuss this problem focusing on testing the role of situational factors (person-environment interactions) in crime causation.
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Happy and greatly honoured to report that I have been awarded the Beccaria Gold Medal by the criminological association of German speaking countries (Austria, Germany and Schwitzerland) to be presented at their conference in September in Tubingen.
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Back in Cambridge after spending Christmas in one of Europes most beautiful cities
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Ett skäl till att brott är vanligare i vissa sociala kategorier, t.ex efter kön, ålder och SES, är att dess medlemmar, pga social selektion, oftare är exponerande till kriminogena miljöer i sin uppväxt (påverkar benägenhet) och dagliga liv (erbjuder incitament).
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It is helpful, when thinking about the role of the environment in crime causation, to differentiate between 1. the (immediate) CONTEXT OF ACTION, and 2. the (longer term) CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT, and 3. to analyse how the two are linked. A cornerstone of the DEA model of SAT.
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In todays delivery from Scandinavian Kitchen (what would we do without them)
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Attended Professor Klaus Boers, Münster university, retirement lecture and dinner. A great occasion and celebration of Klaus impressive life-time work and achievements. All the great and god of German criminology seemed to be present.
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My former PhD student Kyle Treiber (currently Associate Professor at the institute of criminology, Cambridge) has just published a paper theorising the relationship between covid restrictions and interpersonal abuse
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Finally, the message we have eagerly waited for…
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A central but typically ignored problem when analysing and discussing the reasons for the varying crime involvement among different social categories (e.g grouped by income, education, ethnicity, family structure or neighbourhood SES) is the large WITHIN category differences.
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Next up after our author meet critics session at the Stockholm Criminology symposium is an authors meet critics session at the European Society of Criminology conference in Bucharest in September, with a stellar group of international commentators. Very much looking forward to it
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Ett grundläggande misstag är att anta att vad som oftare KÄNNETECKNAR de personer som begår brott och de miljöer där brott ofta begås (nödvändigtvis) också är de förhållanden som ORSAKAR brott, ett argument jag utvecklar i rapporten:
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För er som är intresserad av skola och brott.
My final PHD student before retiring from Cambridge was LIAM McSHARRY who wrote his thesis on SCHOOL CLIMATE AND CRIME from a SAT perspective. An excellent piece of PhD work.
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Spending most of my formative years (2-18) growing up in a small high rise in Brynäs neighbourhood (covering the heyday of Brynäs hockey team). I guess I still have a bit of my heart in Brynäs and Brynäs hockey. Time for Brynäs to be back where they belong!
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Idag möts i Cambridge projektgruppen för det nystartade projektet ’När våld blir ett acceptabelt handlingsalternativ’ som syftar till att öka förståelsen för våldsbrottslighetens orsaker och prevention. Projektet har deltagare från universiteten i Malmö, Cambridge och Köln
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The important role of morality in crime causation. I like to highlight four different studies, all based on (various) data from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD), testing SAT and some of its explanatory propositions re different aspects of the crime problem.
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Four years ago the Danish crime prevention council produced this SAT cartoon. A fun way to simply introduce some basics of the theory
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More on SAT and the study and explanation of INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE (IPV). In her thesis from 2017 my former PhD student Jennifer Barton-Crosby analyse young adults IPV using PADS+ data. Link to her thesis:
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My former PhD student (and a co-author of Breaking Rules), BETH HARDIE, who specialise in parental monitoring, has just published an interesting paper on her SAT informed model of goal-directed parental action.
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A major mistake in the explanation of crime is to assume that attributes and features that characterises people who commit crime and places where crimes tends to happen (necessarily) are crime causative factors. Something I have referred to as the ’cause by association’ fallacy.
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Made a presentation this morning in a symposium part of the celebrations for Klaus.
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1. Does national moral context make a difference? A comparative test of Situational Action Theory
Stuti S. Kokkalera, Chris E. Marshall & Ineke H. Marshall
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Happy to report that our new 600+ pages book Character, Circumstances and Criminal Careers is to be published early February
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Neighbourhood SES and offending. Within area variation. At all levels of neighbourhood SES there is youths who do no crime and youths who do a lot of crime, even if it is a bit more common with high crime youths in disadvantaged areas and with no crime youths in advantaged areas
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Professor Lievens Pauwels, University of Ghent, review of our new book
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Bin collection day on a wintry (i.e., rainy) day in Cambridge
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For those interested. Kyle Treiber and I analysed (with PADS+ data), and discussed from an SAT perspective, the relationship between disadvantage and crime for young people in this open access paper from 2016
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Situational Action Theory (SAT) and the explanation of terrorism. In a couple of publications, together with my former PhD Student Noémie Bouhana (currently Professor of Crime Science and Counter Extremism at the UCL), we applied SAT to the explanation of radicalisation.
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It is encouraging to see that colleagues find SAT a useful frame of reference to analyse all kinds of crime problems in in all kinds of contexts . The latests example is this study of Large Predator Porching in Norway.
Link :
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For those interested, here is a link to the detailed list of the contents of Character, Circumstances and Criminal Careers that gives you a good picture of what is covered in the book:
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3. The association between child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency in the context of Situational Action Theory: Crime propensity and criminogenic exposure as mediators in a sample of European youth.
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Makes the evening when you have received a delivery of Skogaholmslimpa from Scandinavian Kitchen
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It is satisfying to finally have something concrete after years of intense discussions, empirical analyses, literature reviews, draft revisions, expansions, checks, double-checks, page proofs and numerous of conference and workshop presentations.
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Yet another rainy day in Cambridge. Better stay indoors with a nice book and a cup of strong coffee.
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Making a sleep over in Cologne before entering our last leg tomorrow to Cambridge. Meeting up with Clemens who helped us navigate through the Cologne carnival to get to our hotel
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4. Moral Rules, Self-Control, and School Context: Additional Evidence on Situational Action Theory from 28 Countries
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Some nostalgics. Found this photo of me (Pussel Nisse) when clearing out my garage.
I think it was published in a local newspaper in my hometown Gävle at Christmas time more than 60 years ago! Time flies!
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Character, Circumstances and Criminal Careers is a sequel to “Breaking Rules” (Wikström, Oberwittler, Treiber & Hardie, OUP, 2012), the first major book presentation of PADS+ research focusing on situational and ecological aspects of young people’s crime in adolescence.
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Enligt SAT är kriminogena miljöer väsentligen sådana uppväxt och vardagliga (t ex familje-, skol-, fritids- och media-) miljöer som genom sitt moraliska innehåll bidrar till att normalisera (t ex genom att ursäkta, rättfärdiga, glorifiera) brott eller vissa slags brottshandlingar
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Ett centralt jobb för kriminalpolitiken och brottspreventionen är att utveckla strategier och vidta åtgärder för att så långt som möjligt eliminera eller motverka uppväxt- och vardagsmiljöer som bidrar till att normalisera brottshandlingar. Ett område brottspreventionen försummat
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The by far most impressive scholar I have personally meet during my 40+ year in Academics is the late Mario Bunge. I was privileged to have the opportunity to be inspire by and learn from his immense and broad knowledge of the philosophy of science.
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Having spent time today and will spend time tomorrow teaching undergrads and meeting with colleagues in Malmö. Hope to get a Semla tomorrow !
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We are pretty happy with the end product and hope that others also will find it a useful discussion and source of knowledge regarding the explanation of young people and their criminal careers.
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Särskilt tack till Christopher, Henrik och Michael vars deltagande i diskussionen av våra analyser och empiriska tester av orsakerna till unga människors brottslighet och kriminella karriärer och hur de bäst kan påverkas lovar att bli mycket intressant och spännande.
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An interesting piece of work by my former PhD student Neema Trivedi-Bateman (currently a Lecturer at Loughborough university), building on her PhD thesis, includes interviews with the most violent offenders in PADS+, analysing the role of morality in their violent acts.
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Character, Circumstances and Criminal Careers has been a truly collaborative effort, having enjoyed working together with Associate Professor Kyle Treiber, a neuropsychologist by training, and Dr Gabriela Roman, a developmental psychologist and expert on statistical modelling
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The importance of the person-place interaction is well illustrated by my SAT based paper together with Richard Mann and Beth Hardie using unique space-time budget methodology and available open access
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New paper (in Spanish with an English Summary) by a former M.Phil. student discussing the explanation of excessive use of force by the police in a Colombian context using SAT.
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SAT further proposes that peoples morality and ability to self-control essentially is an outcome of processes of moral education and cognitive nurturing and that their exposure to moral contexts of various kinds is an outcome of processes of social and self-selection
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The link to the report "När brott blir ett alternativ" (When Crimes Becomes an Alternative):
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Even in the social categories that have the highest RATES of crime involvement typically most people (category members) do not have a higher crime involvement than people in general. So a pertinent question to address is why only the few and not the many?
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A very nice study by Andre Ernst @ Maria Gerth testing aspects of the principles of moral correspondence and the conditional relevance of controls in SAT on the problem of cheating in schools
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Neema has recently translated her interest in crime an morality into an interesting prevention project, called the Compass Project, that currently is implemented and evaluated.
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So WHY do young peoples crime involvement vary starkly within neighbourhood SES groups? We find that overall, and within each neighbourhood SES group, the variation in their criminality is strongly correlated with their crime propensity and criminogenic exposure. PADS+ data:
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One major reason for this fallacy is the common lack of an adequate action theory that can help identify key personal and place factors and their role (input) and interaction in crime event causation. One key objective of SAT is to contribute to addressing this problem.
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Here we go again. They say once is no time, twice is one time to many, and three times is a habit. I guess this was not a habit I planned to start and tweet about
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The four studies will be displayed in my next four posts
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It is all about interactions! Using a quite unique combination of methodologies our PADS+ research show that young peoples CRIME HOT SPOTS tends to occur when crime prone youngsters spend time at criminogenic places. For details see ‘Breaking Rules’:
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Sociala kategorier, som klass, inkomst eller utbildning, är i sig inga orsaksfaktorer: Ingen begår brott därför att de t.ex. är arbetarklass med låg inkomst och kort utbildning. Variationen i brottsdeltagande inom dessa grupper är mycket stor och de övergripande sambanden svaga
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The project is based at Malmö University (Chrysoulakis, Ivert, Svensson, Torstensson-Levander, Wikström) collaborating with scholars from the University of Cambridge (Treiber, Wikström) and the University of Cologne (Kroneberg).
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2. How exceptional is India? A test of situational action theory. Link:
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