Mary Gallagher
@MaryGao
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Dean at the Keough School of Global Affairs, The University of Notre Dame; former director of the International Institute at the University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI
Joined August 2009
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Important to remember protests in China aren't new or unusual. # have gone down under XI after high tide of labor, land, environment protests of the Hu-Wen period, who didn't always repress legitimate grievances. what's different now? 1/4
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Zero Covid is not sustainable and its costs, human and economic, are rising. This feels like Mao in 1959, doubling down on the Great Leap and ignoring criticism from experts.
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I think the quality of policymaking/governance in China has deteriorated during XJP, getting worse over time. Overcommitment to Zero Covid, which was never sustainable, failure to develop viable exit strategy 1/3
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I guess this is hard to understand if you haven't used WeChat in China. If your account is killed off, there is just so much that you can't do, or can't do easily. Mixing surveillance with centralized capitalism is a brilliant strategy for control. You will police yourself.
After images of a protest banner condemning Xi Jinping circulated online, many Chinese users face ‘digital death’ after losing access to the do-everything WeChat app via
@WSJ
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One ? asked by many: why can't China's gov't mandate vaccines? They can lock up cities and people, separate kids from parents. Isn't the Chinese state "strong"? Can't they do what many other countries have done? 1/4
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nice thread! I like this book, which examines the concept of lost status. So much of China’s search for status is enveloped in it’s “century of humiliation”. That’s why XJP talks of China’s “resurgence” not rise. Another theme of the Xi-Putin bromance-humiliation by the west and
What is something that Russia is wasting, France inexplicably has, and China clearly wants?
Let's talk about "Status" in international politics.
[THREAD]
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I'm excited to announce this new position and challenge
@KeoughGlobalND
@NotreDame
. I leave
@iiumich
with great memories and friends. I hear there's a football rivalry even though they don't even play each other anymore. And there's another fight song to learn...
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Reading Melanie Manion's excellent short book on Political Selection in China. *This statement*: "The scarcity of women in political leadership across China plainly refutes any argument that China’s political selection institutions are fundamentally meritocratic."
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Do other China specialists feel vindicated that something we've been teaching about for a decade is now more widely acknowledged? The Hu-Wen regime recognized the problems but did not fix them. Can XI? China’s property-driven growth model is broken
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This is a bleak prediction because it requires the government to change course and change a policy linked directly to XI. For all the talk about China’s superior system, the inability to change course is a key flaw. China used to be more flexible because there were different 1
Professor Yang Gonghuan, former deputy director of China CDC, says that China can only open up after the country experiences a spike of Covid cases, and "many of the measures that waste manpower and money will be abandoned only when leaders and people recognize that ."
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In Xi’s China, ‘Common Prosperity’ Now Means Lowering Expectations
Please take a look at my first column for World Politics Review! I reassess Common Prosperity in light of XJP's recent speeches and policies. Summarized here in this long 🧵
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33 years ago I watched TAM crackdown from my living room. My study abroad to 北京师范大学 was scheduled to start in a few weeks. After 6/4 it was moved to HK but in the fall we went as planned to Nanjing, the only US undergraduate study abroad program in China, or so we were told
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I mean, aren’t we glad that people can protest at summits? 🤷♀️
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It's always important to remember that what you see on Chinese social media is intentional. Information control is about deletion *and* about amplification. Just sayin'
Chinese social media is brimming with anti-Kamala Harris, pro-Donald Trump posts—Debunked rumors started by far-right American influencers are now being parroted by Chinese netizens
@luoshanji
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Here's my latest column
@WPReview
. I wanted to contextualize the recent debate over China's advanced manufacturing push, thinking of overcapacity or "excess" as a common feature of Chinese governance. 1/8
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亲爱的同事们，
我们怀着无比沉痛的心情宣布，我们失去了与癌症顽强搏斗两年的徐晓宏，密西根大学国际研究院的李侃如－罗睿驰中国研究中心副主任与社会系副教授。他于2023年12月12日在家人和朋友的陪伴下离世。
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Can China go from “zero Covid” in Nov. to 80% national infection rate by mid-January? Seems unbelievable to me esp with less domestic travel and widespread mask use. Either zero Covid was a sham or they want to pretend that everything will be over soon.
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It's much much worse than the headline. It's catastrophic for Florida universities. Note that the law would block *anyone* including US citizens who have been employed in China for over 1 year. New Florida law blocks Chinese students from academic labs | Science | AAAS
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Here are some hot takes on the White Paper on Democracy released by the State Council Information Office, just in time for Biden’s Summit on Democracy. I highly recommend reading it; a 🧵
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Senator Tom Cotton of Arkansas said that Mr. Walz owed “the American people an explanation about his unusual, 35-year relationship with Communist China.” Anyone else have a "weird" 35-year old relationship with China like me and Walz? For me it means
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I went looking for some old photos from the Ping-Pong Diplomacy in 1971-2. I couldn't find the original photos which I thought I had from the Lieberthal-Rogel Center for Chinese Studies.
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I wrote this essay on Common Prosperity for China Leadership Monitor. Did you know that Bo Xilai launched a similar campaign in Chongqing in 2011? Probably not, because it's hard to research BXL on databases that are censored after the fact. 1/8
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I urge everyone interested in the issues around scientific research and international collaboration to read this well-researched article. It crystallizes core fundamental problems that remain unresolved. Gov'ts, scientists, and 1/4
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There are a lot of terms tossed around in this essay, including Marxism, Marxism-Leninism, Marxist-Nationalist, and "Confucian and Marxist-Leninist". Agree that XJP is focused on control and resisting the slide to toward liberalism, but via
@ForeignAffairs
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I don't know why blaming China is at all convincing. Despite the cover up of the virus in January, it's important to remember that by the end of that month, Chinese scientists published an article in the Lancet with clear warnings. 1
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I can totally agree that Americans largely don't know that much and don't understand China very well, but can we PLEASE not use polls about confidence in government as evidence of some deeply inscrutable Asian value?? 1/5
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The wrong debate is whether the protests are dead or alive. I don't doubt the state's capacity to repress these in the short run. The right debate is what's the long term impact? Even if there isn't a single protest tomorrow, one sheet of blank paper, what's changed? 1/2
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Now at least some people demand that the gov't rollback lockdowns that put people's lives in danger and destroy the economy. They demand *freedom* in order to live. A potential system-changing demand embedded in a livelihood claim! Other danger is that Zero Covid is clearly 3/4
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here's my latest column
@WPReview
on the Third Plenum. As a whole the plenum articulates ambitious goals and a vision for China's economy, which is good. The downside is that these goals are nearly the same as the 2013 plenum. So my essay examines why 1/5
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associated with the central government and with XI himself. It's easier for disparate protests across the country to unite behind a central mistake in policy rather than a local mistake in implementation. Already the demands are shifting, away from locals to the center.4/4
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@StuartKLau
The translation is misleading as only the top three are cancels and the rest are temporary halts. They are also numbered incorrectly.
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I have feelings about this piece, especially the author's surprise that "the polity which has brought more of humanity out of poverty than ever in history also seems committed so far to maintaining huge levels of inequality." 1/6 via
@financialtimes
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The CCP has tended to tolerate *large* protests re: "livelihood" issues and to repress system-changing protests of *any* size. That's why protests re:
#ZeroCovidChina
are dangerous. Previously livelihood protests demand that gov't *do* something: restrain capital and corruption 2
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the need to show political loyalty. It was 100% double down on Zero Covid until XJP said it wasn't. Now it's 100% open up with little preparation. Veering between two bad policy extremes with all the predictable consequences.People will remember. 3/3
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This is a an important and enraging article about the NIH attack on scientists with ties to China. As with the DOJ China Initiative, careers were destroyed on the basis of new criteria re: reporting and cooperation with China that up until a few years earlier, US govt agencies
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Great article by Wolf & commentary
@michaelxpettis
It merits pointing out that key components of the "Chinese miracle" - low wages, labor repression, institutional inequality via hukou, shallow social welfare - are now key components of China's inability to grow. 1/2
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Excellent Martin Wolf piece on China which, as always, does a great job of presenting a systemic view of the problem.
Debt is too high and growing too rapidly, he notes, but the risk for China, is not that it might suffer a financial crisis.
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there's been such an outpouring of support and grief over the early passing of Professor Xiaohong Xu, a professor of sociology and Chinese Studies at the University of Michigan. A memorial fund has been established to support international students in sociology and students
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I reject the idea that people in China "were lifted out of poverty" by the government. It denies their agency and also their incredibly hard work and sacrifice. Let's say that the gov't of Deng, Jiang,Hu created the conditions that allowed people to work themselves out of 2/6
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This is just such ridiculous bullshit. I would give the creator an F in their ability to analyze either country’s systems. But if someone didn’t know anything much about either country, would it be convincing? Someone should try and find out.
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Yes, that's true. The CCP believes the middle income trap is caused by laziness (which leads to productivity declines), thus XJP's emphasis on hard work. But I would argue that the middle income trap is caused by failure to invest in inclusive public goods, such as education,
This is an interesting and important observation. I think this is quite central to the CPC’s ideology, but also one that should be historicized through china’s post-socialist experiences and memories with egalitarian social experiment, beyond xi’s personal authoritarian style.
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The idea that experience and expertise equates to complicity or worse is embarrassing. The GOP is ill-served by the return of the Know-Nothing Party.
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Last week in class on the cultural revolution, I showed the students the footage of Liu Shaoqi's struggle session. He was the head of state, then reduced to nothing. No matter what HJT's health is, this is not an accident. It's a public humiliation of the last leader of China.
Hu Jintao was stunned. After resistance (and words to Xi), he managed to walk on his own and nobody — not one — turned to wish him well (if he was indeed ill). Maybe something nefarious, maybe not. But highly unusual. Excellent video
@dansoncj
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it would destroy all the political credit earned by the CCP, which pushed the story that China *won* against the virus while all other countries failed. So the key problem is to change that message without admitting defeat. How can it be done? There's still no answer. 4/4
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This is a good take on the
#pengshuai
issue.
@haifeng_huang
makes this same argument about the intent of hard propaganda. It’s not there to convince you that what the Chinese state media says is true; it’s there to convince you of the power of the Chinese state media to lie.
This creepy tweet by CGTN is a good example of the fusion of incompetence and authoritarian hubris in China's official messaging. If the goal is to convince, it's clearly a failure. Nobody will read this & think, "Oh, good, Peng Shuai is ok! I'm so relieved." 1/
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This thread. From a person who hasn't minced words on China for years. Still able to see that many of our policies to punish China will end up hurting our own ability to understand China, compete with China, and uphold our own values.
We should see the GOP bandwagoning on the complaint by a former employee of
@thechinaproj
as part of a broader shift, or lurch, in US politics to a point where even to suggest having anything to do with China ("engagement") or PRC people is now considered suspicious (thread)
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"China shock 2" is a misnomer though catchy for headlines. China's manufacturing improvements/ambitious never ebbed, they moved up to higher end goods. That👏was👏the👏plan. Articulated clearly in gov't speeches and documents. Shock is only due to foreign firm/govt complacency.
The China Shock is back, and this time it's global; a flood of Chinese exports triggers a blacklash in Europe, U.S., Brazil, Indonesia ... As a steel mill shuts down in Chile, government seeks 15% tafiffs on Chinese imports. "They’ve distorted the market,” said Hector Medina, a
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I agree with
@YashengHuang
but I sort of get why many (older) Chinese (men) say this sort of thing all the time. The key difference to me is that "cancel culture" in the US is intense due to polarization while censorship in the PRC is due to centralization of power around a
I love this . Ai Weiwei said that he cannot speak out in the West in his very act of speaking out in the West. By saying that censorship in West is the same as in China he shows that it is not same at all.
… via
@YouTube
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Funny story, esp because it was in 2012, so not just a "XJP has thin skin" thing. Giving a talk at a Chinese uni. Slides were bi-lingual. I didn't use the D-word, I rarely do to describe China since IMHO it's more accurately a "single-party regime." 1/4
I honestly don’t understand what the big deal is. In political science, a “dictator” is simply a leader selected through undemocratic means who can dictate policy outcomes to a large extent in a country. Many leaders fit this definition and it’s by no means negative
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when Zero Covid bought China time that other countries didn't have. And now a reopening that threatens the elderly and the rural population at the worst very moment (winter and just before the Lunar New Year). It's absolutely awful when policy decisions are dictated by 2/3
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My unpopular interpretation: papers on "the west" don't mention country names in their titles because of the implicit assumption that anything on "the west" is a generalizable finding while a finding elsewhere is just "area studies." Check your bias! 😉
The map shows the prop. of social science articles that include the name of the country of study in their title. What can explain these patterns?
Join the RS11_T10
@esaBCN2021
Session on Knowledge Production and Social Inequalities to know more! TODAY 12.30 GTM+2
@ESA_Sociology
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My column at WPR examines Xi Jinping's SF speech, which includes much nostalgia for the historic US-China relationship and a detailed outline of Chinese-style modernization & common prosperity. Why did Xi use this speech to present his ideological ideas? 🧵
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Spotted in Ann Arbor. Have Chinese students discovered their inner May Fourth Spirit?
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Ron Inglehart passed away yesterday. He was still teaching and working on a new book about China. He was kind and passionate about politics. He will be dearly missed.
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I see scant evidence that the CCP under XJP is becoming more Marxist in policy, if our definition of Marxism includes the redistribution of economic and political power to the have-nots. His policies have focused on taking power/money away from private capital but NOT
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While I have my own problems with the gaps in expertise on China in the US (west is way too broad), I think Baum's critique is dated, which it should be because the book was published more than a decade ago. Three things that have changed quite a lot in political science since
1/ CCP-watching today is a hollowed out field, with only a handful of analysts in the west with deep expertise. This gap is dangerous, and could lead to grave policy missteps.
Richard Baum's memoir gets at the root of the problem and hints at paths forward.
A BOOK REVIEW THREAD
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This is a good and important thread, but I would qualify 2 things. 1) On blaming XI: the current problems are the result of deep structural problems but it is overly deterministic not to blame XJP for making things much worse in terms of confidence, esp. for the private sector.
1/17
It's hard for most of us to understand structural issues that drive an economy, and we much prefer to personalize them, blaming problems on bad leaders or vicious habits, but in doing so on the subject of China's economic slowdown, those of us who...
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“As with other man-made disasters in China’s history,” said Mary Gallagher “political loyalty to the core leader now means no dissent, no collective decision-making and a lack of debate and discussion within the party on critical policy shifts." via
@WSJ
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This article says a vaccine mandate would spark "dramatic social resistance." And the gov't is afraid. So what's the difference? We just saw "dramatic social resistance" at Foxconn Zhengzhou, Haizhu, elsewhere. The key difference is that a vaccine mandate applies to everyone. 2/4
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Honored to be part of the Brookings China team. Hoping to bring a perspective from the upper midwest, industrial heartland, and places in Indiana that are somehow still in the eastern time zone.
@KeoughGlobalND
I'm delighted to welcome Mary Gallagher
@MaryGao
to the Brookings China Center as non-resident senior fellow. Mary will bring her abundant China expertise and outside-the-Beltway perspective to enrich our analysis and debates on China
@BrookingsChina
.
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Excited to announce this new position. With all the great centers and programs at the II.
#goblue
Leaving my colleagues
@MichiganChina
, but just going one floor away.
We are pleased to welcome Mary Gallagher as the incoming director of the International Institute! Professor Gallagher will lead the II through June 2025. More at
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The Qin affair “points to this issue of elite instability that I think we’ll see more of in China,” Gallagher said. “We don’t know the process by which the next leader is going to be chosen, and we also don’t know when the next leader will be chosen.
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I’ve been teaching about local govt debt in my 🇨🇳politics class since at leadt 2013. It’s not new but as
@michaelxpettis
has said for a long while it’s not about a financial crash it’s about a long downturn in growth. And it makes goals like common prosperity almost impossible.
1/9
Good article, although we should have been seeing these several years earlier, when it first became clear that an unsustainable increase in SOE and local-government debt was embedded in China's growth model.
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One of the most important points made by
@YanzhongHuang
in this piece is the new disconnect between political stability, social stability, and the economy. This was always a delicate balancing act but 1/ via
@ForeignAffairs
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Lots of caveats about this comparison, but I want to compare XJP's common prosperity speech in 求实 with something similar by HJT, the OG Chinese leader who tried to address inequality and redistribution. Word clouds are kind of shite, but I'll use them to illustrate the point 1/
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this approach also puts Chinese scientists abroad in a terrible double bind and politicizes their research no matter what they do.
In this new research article, Steve Tsang and I examine
#XiJinping
’s “whole-nation” approach to acquire strategic
#technology
from the
#West
. Read here:
#China
#EV
#innovation
#scientist
#antimonopoly
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Agree 💯 I was part of an undergrad. Duke-in-China program June-Dec 1989. Our summer stay at BNU was changed to CUHK for obvious reasons, but in August, we went to 南大. My views of China have been realistic based on that experience. Utterly changed my life, but not "fun."
Contrarian view: American students, get your butts to China. Pronto. Put up with big brother, the lack of academic freedoms etc etc because the insight you’ll gain and the language skills you will acquire will be worth it.
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It's important to connect manufacturing overcapacity in China, as
@georgemagnus1
does here, with XJP's decision to redirect investment from the property sector to the manufacturing sector. This accords with his distaste for redistribution to households, which he believes makes
Think this is bang on. Heap um trouble coming. This is a window to the coming trade/fx wars that are brewing as China’s mercantilism doubles down on more mfg investment/ ‘new productive forces’. The U.S. and Europe etc simply can’t stand by idly and accept the consequences 1/3
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a central gov't mandate to vaccinate has potential to facilitate widespread resistance to a central gov't policy, not just pockets here and there of disparate groups of people angry at local gov'ts. Coupled with reopening that can *only* increase infections and some deaths,3/4
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@EliDFriedman
@organizejs
The anti-welfare stuff is so interesting. Deeply embedded in the post-78 CCP. Similar to other East Asian developmental states, relying on labor repression and a shallow, productive welfare state that is tied to employment. How this is sustainable given the demographics?
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Thanks
@SheenaGreitens
. What’s most troubling about this statement is the appropriation of the language of being traumatized, hurt, discriminated against as a means to silence those with whom they disagree, esp. those marginalized voices from HK, TW, XJ
UChicago CSSA objects to Hong Kong democracy activist
@nathanlawkc
speaking on campus, claiming it falls “outside the purview of free speech.” (It does not.)
Best work I’ve seen on CSSAs & issues for academic freedom on campus is from
@MaryGao
. Link below.
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My latest column
@WPReview
examines China's turn to export manufacturing to drive growth in the wake of the property sector downturn & post-Covid blues. This policy antagonizes trading partners by weaponizing China's scale, esp its large & still relatively cheap labor force 1/10
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Costs of zero Covid. Local governments will implement the policy BAMN. Local attempts to mitigate its costs will be limited. The performative need to please XI exceeds common sense. And it probably still won’t stop the virus.3/3
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I'm all in on hukou reform, but we need to examine the details of these policies very carefully before seeing them as a sea change. Why? 1) they all exclude the most desirable cities in the province 2) they *sometimes* extend the reform to those born outside the province 1/3
More slow unwinding of the hukou system: "Jiangsu will completely cancel restrictions on household registration in all places except for the urban areas of Nanjing and Suzhou to help people living in the countryside move into cities."
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Here is the list of the 59 universities and colleges that have signed on as amici curiae to the MIT/Harvard lawsuit against the
#studentban
. The University of Michigan and Michigan State are among them. Never thought I'd say this together:
#GoBlue
#GoGreenGoWhite
@MSU
@umich
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This is embarrassing and quite shocking. Could you imagine an American student getting their feelings hurt if a prof criticizes the US? Superpowers need to take their lumps.
UCL even blatantly said it was to protect the college's "commercial interests"
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My fear is that dependency on AI for foreign language skills will decimate universities' commitment to language training. And it's simply not the same thing to engage with someone in a foreign language mediated by an app. Hope that AI becomes a tool to move people more quickly
Caught up w an ex colleague today who is bilingual but decided it was too difficult to teach her kids to native fluency w a monolingual hubby. I agreed that she should just abandon the effort. OpenAI demos today show that real time translation is basically here. No one needs what
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Li Qiang in Germany: we should return the leadership of risk prevention to enterprises," Which is just…bollocks. 1st, that’s not what China does itself. 2nd, we all learned during C-19 that companies managed risk very poorly and let their supply chains
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I disagree because this is a very core part of how political scientists think about political behavior. Fundamentally, parties/individual politicians want to stay in office and their behavior will be motivated by that goal. But that's just the beginning and of course there's
The idea that the CCP (or Xi Jinping personally) want to stay in power is like saying water is wet: it is not incorrect, but it is utterly uninformative. Name me any individual or political organisation in power anywhere in the world that would not like to remain so.
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First day in person on the new job. Gift package when I arrived: my response: Where’s Rudy???
@KeoughGlobalND
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I agree with this thread totally, but I have some other questions which I can't answer. Most importantly, why did the Chinese government waste 2021 to not develop a plan for getting out of Covid? Boost vax rates? Import mRNA? Even today, I'm still not sure what the plan is.
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Noted China scholar and family matriarch, Merle Goldman, died peacefully in her Cambridge, Massachusetts home on November 16, 2023. She was 92 years old. May her memory be a blessing. ❤️
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This is an important story, includes Wray's most expansive comments that I've seen re: DOJ China Initiative. Also huge shout out to Prof Ann Lin for asking him the hard questions about effects on Chinese-Americans 1/3 via
@nbcnews
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In Xi's speech to writers and artists, he uses the term 听党话 "do what the Party tells you do." Am I more depressed about developments like this because of what they signal about changes in China or because I have to revise yet another part of my Chinese politics syllabus?
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This is a good comment
@hofunghung
because there's a tendency to see everything that China does as part of an (evil) plan to dominate the world when in actuality a lot of problems abroad caused by, say, overcapacity are a product of lack of coordination and domestic competition
not a debt trap, but a debt mess aggravated by china's uncoordinated, fragmented outward expansion: lending huge amount to PK to up coal power, then selling cheap solar panels that cripple's PK coal power sector pushing it to brink of default
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U.S. university administrators should not allow Chinese government-funded organizations, such as Confucius Institutes (CIs), to be set up within universities. They should exist as stand-alone organizations with affiliations, funding, and budget expenditures made transparent.3/
The U.S. government should significantly increase funding to schools, including K-12 and higher ed, for area studies and foreign language training. It should also reinstate the Fulbright program for HK/China and for Fulbrighters from China. We shouldn't deny access to research.2/
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This is an important episode and I thank
@LiYuan6
for doing these interviews to center Chinese protestors in China. XJP's use of the word 泪奔 to describe the protests downplays the incredible anger, disappointment, and despair that led people to the streets.
感谢志愿者的工作，本期播客《那些年轻的抗议者：我们为什么要上街》的文字版已经更新完成，欢迎在官网阅读文字版：，也欢迎大家将节目内容分享给你的朋友。
收听本期节目的音频：
YouTube:
Spotify:
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here's my latest
@WPReview
on what the 2 sessions says re: China's domestic agenda. I argue that the turn back toward export-oriented growth is perceived abroad as a sign of China's strength, however, it is actually a sign of internal weakness
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I think there are 2 core questions about Xi's reforms: What problems are they designed to solve? And why would these reforms solve them better than the previous structure? The answer to ? 1 is straightforward but for ? 2, I'm not convinced. 1/2 via
@WSJ
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No one got my joke yesterday when I said that XJP was like most boomers, just nostaglic for the 1950s. But gee whiz. What else will be brought back??? Yeah, it's probably not harmful, but these harebrained ideas for 共同富裕 are worrisome.
我的观点是，不要对供销社太担忧。
只要私人超市、网购、大超市、便利店没被关，让他折腾折腾供销社，没啥问题，不会影响普通人的生活。
说到底，供销社就是另一个雄安、一带一路，全国人民每人掏500块钱，恢复供销社，哄他一个人开心，实现他儿时的一个梦想，让他过过瘾，就完事儿了。
别多想了。
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that I discussed 6.4 with students who had protested right after 6.4. In 1993, talked to protestors who had stood outside the US embassy in Beijing to oppose China's failed bid to host the 2000 Olympics. In 1997, observed China in the aftermath of Deng Xiaoping's death. In 2004,
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Interesting that Shan Weijian speaks this publicly. Another sign of deep disagreement among Chinese elites about the direction of the country: on Covid, on the economy, on Ukraine. The most divided I’ve seen since 1989.
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Want to understand the background behind the Evergrande crisis? Read this excellent explainer by Susan Whiting! Analysis | China’s Evergrande is in trouble. But so is China’s top-down political economy.
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I'm going to disagree with this take by
@Dalzell60
and with the essay itself. Though it is correct in noting that Confucius Institutes should not be conflated with other concerns, such as non-traditional espionage, CIs should not be intertwined with US academic institutions.1/
This strikes me as a fair, fact-based, and balanced assessment of Confucius Institutes. It is important to do due diligence and guard against any threats to academic freedom, but CI’s perform positive functions and should not be banned because of...
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Views at the top, there was ample space below for local officials to fudge. This of course was bad for labor and environmental enforcement, associated with corruption too. But the swing to both high centralization and rigid ideological stance toward the virus will now amplify 2
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There are a lot of misunderstandings among Chinese policymakers about what happened to Japan when the bubble burst.
Japan created the digital camera industry, 3G, camera phones, the Li-ion battery industry, the hybrid car industry, service robots, high-performance ceramics...all since 1990. What is this guy even talking about?
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Before you decide that the youth don't care or don't know
#JiangZemin
ask a Chinese student to send you a meme...
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