Derek | The Hellenistic Age Podcast
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Official Twitter of The Hellenistic Age Podcast, a show covering the history of Eurasia & North Africa from Alexander the Great to Cleopatra VII.
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100: Q&A
#2
- Electric Boogaloo
Six and a half years after starting this project, we have finally reached episode 100. In the least original move possible, I decided to host another Q&A session. Thank you for all your support!
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So this documentary, as per the trailer, is intentionally trying to stir up a nonexistent controversy over the ethnicity of Cleopatra, who was undoubtedly Greek with Iranian ancestry, to celebrate strong African women rulers.
This looks pretty bad all around.
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Buddhists living in ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan appropriating Heracles as the guardian of the Buddha was pretty wild, not going to lie.
What are the craziest two people/things to coexist at the same time in history?
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@sanstitre2000
That barbary lion shot is one of my favorite photos of all time. Straight out of a movie.
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The remains of the city of Ai-Khanoum in northeast Afghanistan, a Greek settlement founded after Alexander’s conquest. Its original name is unknown, but likely was a capital of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.
Learn more about Ai Khanoum in the upcoming episode releasing this Friday!
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For those who live in Greece or have travelled: is a trip to Meteora worth sacrificing two days that I could have spent in local places near Athens like Mycenae/Epidaurus?
I would like to incorporate some Orthodox culture into my upcoming trip, and I just found out about this.
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Pompeii and Herculaneum have provided some of the most beautiful and well-preserved frescoes of the Greco-Roman tradition. Yet there exists a remarkable find that predates them by 300 years.
Let me tell you about my visit to the Macedonian Tomb of Agios Athanasios:🧵
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Why not start with Queen Amanitore of Meroe, who ruled over Nubia (modern Sudan) and warred with Rome 30 years after Cleopatra? I think her successes are overly exaggerated, but Meroitic Nubia is a fascinating region that is not
recognized in media.
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The ruins of Old Kandahar, Afghanistan. Known in antiquity as either Alexandria Arachosia or Alexandropolis, this was a flourishing settlement that saw Greek presence following Alexander the Great’s invasion. It might also be the city of Wuyishanli referred to in Chinese accounts
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The notion of viewing Cleopatra as a sort of Pro-Egyptian freedom fighter against Roman tyranny feels anachronistic, and no doubt I will have criticisms over her portrayal. I don’t think much about subpar history documentaries pumped out, but its obviously relevant to the show.
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Unfortunately we just have another victim of bad history that is going to create a storm of controversy, banking on modern political/racial/cultural tensions to get attention, and be forgotten in three months.
Unsurprised by the studio behind Ancient Appcalypse.
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@grecopoulos_ang
Her family was at various points closely tied with the Seleucids, who were themselves had Iranian ancestry(the most obvious being Apama, Seleucus’ wife), but my main point is that the Ptolemies notoriously did not intermarry with the Egyptians and viewed themselves as Greeks.
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An Egyptian mummy shroud from the Fayyum, 1st-2nd century AD. An incredible blend of Greco-Roman and Egyptian art, the deceased is wearing a Roman toga and sporting a popular Roman hairstyle/beard. Yet, flanking him is the goddess Isis, and the god Anubis.
(The Pushkin Museum)
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Now reading:
“Greco-Buddhist Relations in the Hellenistic Far East: Sources and Contexts” - Olga Kubica
It’s nice to return to what is easily my favorite area of the Hellenistic period, but I wish I had this when I was writing my series on Greco-Bactria and the Indo-Greeks!
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I was jokingly thinking of ways that we could get a Forrest Gump version stumbling through most important events in the final days of the Roman Republic.
Then I realized that Titus Pullo in “Rome” does the exact same thing, and the show is made better by it.
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A rare Egyptian copper statue of Sarapis-Amun-Agathos Daimon dating to the Ptolemaic period. This man-serpent conglomeration was considered a protector spirit for Greeks living in Egypt, and a patron deity for the city of Alexandria
📷 taken @ the Archaeological Museum of Athens
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Yet again, Oliver Stone’s “Alexander” remains the benchmark for historical authenticity in costume and set design.
Despite this, I wouldn’t have a problem if the costumes weren’t so *ugly*. It reminds me of later Game of Thrones/early Witcher armor sets
From the upcoming Netflix Docuseries “Alexander.”
Premieres January 31st.
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#OnThisDay
, either June 10th or 11th 323 B.C., Alexander the Great dies in Babylon, leaving no heir to his empire and inaugurating nearly forty years of warfare between his generals.
The Babylonian astronomers recorded the event:
"The 29th [of Ajaru], the king died; clouds…"
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For those of you interested in wanting to learn more about the complexities of Hellenistic Egypt, there is my show of course, but I've also created a "Reader's Guide" that should provide you a good launching point. PDF format is below:
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The shield of King Philip II of Macedon
📸 Vergina, 3/2024
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Hi everybody, I created a handy Reader's Guide to the Seleucid Empire. I often get asked where to start with the Seleucids, amongst other topics, so I made this list of works I found useful or interesting. A PDF version is available below!
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Then and now: Alexandria-by-Egypt, the greatest city of the Hellenistic world. Originally founded by Alexander the Great in 334, and later was home to the Ptolemaic dynasty for almost 300 years. It was the 2nd/3rd most important city in the Roman Empire until the 7th century AD.
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The golden wreath and larnax containing the remains of King Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great.
📸 Museum of the Royal Tombs at Aigai, 3/2024
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Are you a Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt?
Here are some nice names for the male heir:
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Ptolemy
Spice it up with references to their unusual features (eg hooknose, flutist)
Are you an emperor having a baby?
Here are some nice imperial names for your child:
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Leo
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
John
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Michael
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Alexius
Constantine
Constantine
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I have officially begun writing the scripts for what is arguably the biggest turning point of our show: the arrival of the Roman Republic in Greece.
The Illyrian Wars, the First and Second Macedonian War, and the Great Revolt and crisis in Egypt will be the focus of early 2023!
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The archaeological site of Delphi, Greece. It was here that the famous priestess of Apollo would offer her oracles, attracting visitors from all over the Mediterranean world across the centuries in search of advice for matters of state and personal.
📷 taken in March 2023
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#OnThisDay
in ~June 10th/11th 323 BC, the Macedonian king Alexander the Great died at the young age of 33 from unknown causes in Babylon. It remains perhaps the most speculated-upon death in history. A thread: (1/20)
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A 23 year old conquered this.
What's your excuse?
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A special thank you to listener Marko A. who contributed a book through the podcast wishlist:
“Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander and his Successors” by Waldemar Heckel
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A marble bust of Alexander the Great, found near the Erechtheion on the Acropolis. It was probably a creation of Leochares, a famed artist of the fourth century BC who previously did work for the Argead household.
Photo taken at the Acropolis Museum, Athens
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The Temple of Aphaia on the island of Aegina, Greece. Though it is one of the best preserved Greek temples, little is known about its eponymous goddess.
I made the mistake of bicycling across the island to reach the temple... it was mostly uphill.
📷 taken in March 2023
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Well, it’s official:
The Hellenistic Age Podcast has made its way to Greece.
It’s hard to believe what started as an experiment will be hitting its 5th anniversary next month, and here I am physically walking in places I’ve dedicated thousands of man hours to cover. Not bad!
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Ever wondered what outfits Alexander the Great and his Companions might have worn? These fabulous fourth century frescoes from a tomb of a Macedonian nobleman show us their colorful fabrics and even the painted designs of their shields.
📸 Agios Athanasios, Greece (3/2024)
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Obviously I have other episodes on my plate for the next several months, but I’d like to do an episode on Seleucid Babylon and Ptolemaic Memphis. It would be a nice compare/contrast since both remained important for native Babylonian and Egyptians during the Hellenistic period.
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When you’re about to be slain by some crazy barbarians from the west, but someone manages to crack a sick joke in the middle of battle.
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The Macedonian Tomb of Agios Athanasios, late fourth - early third century B.C.
📸 Agios Athanasios, Greece (3/2024)
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In ~300 BC, the Greek official Megasthenes visited the court of Chandragupta Maurya, Pataliputra (modern Patna), as part of a diplomatic mission from Seleucus I.
Here he would write the now fragmentary “Indica”, the only surviving eyewitness account of Maurya India.
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A surviving example of a bronze “Phrygian /Thracian helmet” from the 3rd cent BC, complete with the cheek guards mimicking a beard. These were commonly used in the armies of Alexander the Great, probably because they’re just so darn stylish.
#history
#armor
#ancientgreece
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"The Dying Gaul", likely a Roman copy of a Hellenistic original that was part of a series commissioned by the Attalid rulers of Pergamon to celebrate the victories of King Attalus I, who defeated the Galatians in 238 BC.
📷 taken at the Capitoline Museum, Rome (9/2022)
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The Tholos of Athena Pronaia, located just outside of the main sanctuary of Delphi.
Delphi was absolutely a highlight of my trip, with relatively small crowds and weather that changed from slightly sunny to a foggy mist coming over Mount Parnassus.
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A bronze statue of Heracles (2nd cent. AD) found in the city of Seleucia-on-the-Tigris in Iraq. The unique inscriptions on his lower body are in Greek (right leg) and Parthian (left leg), with the former referring to the demigod as Heracles, the latter the Zoroastrian Verethragna
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A marble statue of Alexander the Great, found in the city of Magnesia-ad-Sipylum (modern Manisa) and dating to the third century BC. This to my knowledge is the largest and most intact Alexander statue we have from the ancient world.
📷 taken at the Istanbul Arch. Museum, 9/2023
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tfw we find the 50th obscure Epicurean poet in a row instead of the missing books of Livy and Polybius, the memoirs of Augustus or Sulla, Claudius’ Etruscan history, Hieronymus of Cardia’s account of the Diadochi, Apollodorus’ “Parthika”, Pytheas’ “On the Ocean”…
I don’t think people are talking about the Hurculaneum Papyri enough. We have a legitimate chance of *DOUBLING* the amount of classic Hellenic literature the modern world has access to! It may be the most valuable piece of historiography in a millennium
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While only tangentially related to Halloween, one of the most interesting cases of syncretism in Hellenistic/Roman Egypt is Hermanubis, a blend of the Greek Hermes (Greco-Roman clothing, the Caduceus staff) and the Egyptian Anubis (the dog's head).
📷 taken at the Vatican Museums
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Forget about silks and spices, let us talk about one of the ancient world's most desirable and surprisingly influential exports: the "Heavenly Horses" of Fergana. A 🧵 involving global trade, warfare, and biology (1/15)
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Even in the Library of Alexandria, plagiarism was a concern. In the 1st cent, a scholar named Eudoros brought Ariston the Peripatetic to court, accusing him of copying his treatise on the Nile River. Strabo (17.1.5) does not reveal the outcome, but suggests that Eudoros was lying
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Octavian and Marc Antony versus Cicero and the Senate:
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Returned from Athens safe and sound. Can’t wait to visit again.
While I couldn’t logistically justify the life-size reproduction of his bust from the Acropolis Museum, I found a lovely alternative that now graces my bookshelf and desk.
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One of the most remote Greek settlements was known as Ptolemais Theron ("Ptolemais of the Hunts"). A site located somewhere along the coast of East Africa in Sudan, perhaps near the border of Eritrea between the 19° and 18° latitude, some 2500km south of Alexandria in Egypt.
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The Ksour Essef Cuirass, a Phoenician/Carthaginian Armor piece found in Tunisia dating to the 3rd or 2nd century BC.
Our episode on Carthaginian history and society should be out in February, so hop on the show if you haven’t already done so.
#history
#artifacts
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Hellenistic Fashion: Some of the most common day-to-day wear of Greco-Macedonian men would include a traveling cloak (chlamys) and a broad-rimmed hat (kausia). This garb has been found on frescoes in Macedon to coins of rulers in Bactria and India. (1/2)
#history
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The Jockey of Artemision, a rare surviving Hellenistic bronze. Discovered in a shipwreck and dated to approximately the mid-second century BC, it is possible this was plunder seized by the Romans from Corinth's destruction
📷 taken at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens
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Many of the Successors of Alexander the Great - Seleucus, Lysimachus, Antigonus - continued to personally fight in combat into their late 70’s and early 80’s, with all dying violently. Only Ptolemy, ruling from his capital of Alexandria in Egypt, died peacefully in bed.
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In the 3rd century BC, the Indian emperor Ashoka sent Buddhist missions to preach to the Greek kings of the Mediterranean: Antiyoga (Antiochus of Syria), Tulamaya (Ptolemy of Egypt), Antekina (Antigonus of Macedon), Aliyakshudala (Alexander of Epirus), and Maka (Magas of Libya)
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The name “Britain” originated from the (lost) writings of the 4th cent Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia. In it, Pytheas described the inhabitants as “Prettanike”, transliterated from the Celtic “Prettani” (Painted Ones). The “P”switched with “B”, hence Britannia from Prettannia
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An amazingly detailed reconstruction of King Tigranes II ‘the Great’ of Armenia (r.95-55) done by artist Robert Pashayan, who’s ArtStation page is linked below:
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This decree was issued in 197 B.C. by King Philip V of Macedon ordering the conscription of troops to fight in the war against the Roman Republic. Unfortunately, the royal army would be annihilated near Cynoscephalae only a few months later.
📸 Thessaloniki Arch. Museum (3/2024)
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When it comes to Hellenistic warfare, Age is just a number: Antigonus Monopthalmus fought and died in open combat in his early 80’s, Lysimachus and Seleucus in their 60’s and 70’s, and the elite Silver Shields unit was almost entirely comprised of men over 60.
#history
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Addendum:
1. “Appropriate” was meant to be more neutral than it came across. Adopt, adapt, or repurpose would have been clearer choices
2. These are photos of a Buddhist shrine at Tapa Shotor, located in Hadda, Afghanistan. The Taliban destroyed it in 1992.
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The Farnese Hercules, an enormous marble statue from the second century AD, based on a lost bronze by the famed sculptor Lysippos of the fourth century BC.
📷 Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples 9/2022
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Unrelated to the Hellenistic period, but visiting Meteora in March was a wonderful day trip from Thessaloniki.
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The Palace of Aigai: constructed during the reign of Philip II of Macedon, this palace was the largest building in Classical Greece. This site has only just been opened to the public in January 2024, after 16 years of renovation.
📸 Aigai, 3/2024
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I’ve been writing a lot about Greco-Bactria and the Indo-Greeks as of late…
Needless to say, I can’t wait to share.
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The remains of weapons used by Macedonian troops during the campaigns of Alexander and the Hellenistic period. These include bronze spearhads from the famous sarissae used by the phalangites, along with xiphos and kopis sword types.
📸 The Polycentric Museum of Aigai, 3/2024
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One of the most influential Egyptians of the Hellenistic Age was Manetho, a priest of Ra from Sebennytos serving in the court of Ptolemy I+II. He composed a (lost) history of Egypt written in Greek, a work of such accuracy that it proved to be invaluable for later Egyptologists.
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The Derveni Krater: a bronze masterpiece dating to the late fourth century B.C., this was deposited in a tomb just outside of Thessaloniki. The scenes are Dionysian in design, and the high % of tin gives it its sheen.
📸 Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum (3/2024)
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The Warrior Clasps of Tillya Tepe, discovered in a 1st cent. Kushan/Saka tomb in northern Afghanistan. On its facade are two warriors or mythological deities, dressed in the kit of Hellenistic soldiers, wearing a muscular cuirass and Boetian helmet
Image: Olbrycht, M. 2015
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The Alexander the Great Herm, a Roman copy of an original work by the king’s personal sculptor Lysippos. This is perhaps the closest physical resemblance of the man, as it was likely sculpted during or shortly after his lifetime.
Currently housed in the Louvre.
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One ingenious method of fording rivers was the use of "swim bladders" - animal skins stuffed with straw or air that allowed armies to move across bodies of water. This Neo-Assyrian relief in the British Museum provides an early example, and was practiced by Alexander and Hannibal
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Buddhism & Ancient Greece:
One of the most interesting and cryptic topics regarding the Hellenistic period is the interactions between Buddhism and the Greek-speaking world. There are a number of interesting pieces of evidence, but relatively disconnected (1/
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Why yes, helmets with ornamental feathers and horsehair are the most aesthetic things ever.
Macedonian Silver Shield’s art done by the talented ManuLaCanette. Check out his Devianart page:
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Sad to hear, the work of Dr. Green was a direct inspiration for my podcast and love of the Hellenistic world.
In spite of any of scholarly disagreements I may have, it is unlikely that I would have dedicated all these years to the Hellenistic Age had I not picked up his book.
Dr. Peter Green passed away this morning at the age of 99 in Iowa City. He was a titan of scholarship & mentor and friend to generations of classicists & ancient historians. It was a pleasure & honor to know him & his equally brilliant partner Carin during my time at UIowa.
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Like Antigonus II Gonatas, I journeyed from Ancient Corinth all the way to the top of the Acrocorinth by foot.
The scary thing? I did it 25lbs of gear in my twenties, and it was a challenge. Gonatas did it in his seventies, and *ran*, likely in full armor. (Plutarch, Arat. 17.4)
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Tough crowd: In the 270s BC, the poet Sotades presented a poem in Alexandria about Ptolemy II & his incestuous marriage to his sister Arsinoe II.
For the line “You're sticking your prick in an unholy hole”, Sotades was executed by being stuffed in a chest & tossed into the sea.
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Under the rule of Alexander the Great and Seleucus, a traditional Hellenic-styled theatre was built in ancient Babylon, attested to by Greek and Cuneiform inscriptions.
Lacking an equivalent word, the Babylonians called it "bit tamartu" - "The House of Observation"
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While we describe Alexandria as the most important city of Greco-Roman Egypt, the ancients viewed it as a distinct entity: classical authors like Strabo use the name “Alexandria-by/near-Egypt”, while the native Egyptians dismissively called it “Rhakotis” (“Construction Site”)
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Remains of a Carthaginian warship, discovered off the coast of Sicily dating to the Punic Wars. Punic ships had unique symbols on each piece, allowing for the rapid construction of vessels following a template akin to kit model building, a trait likely copied by the Romans
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I had the pleasure of visiting this tomb during my most recent trip to Greece, and if you are ever in Thessaloniki for an extended stay, I strongly encourage you to make a detour to here and see such an incredible collection of paintings up close and in their original context.
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A marble bust, thought to depict Philip II of Macedon. Overshadowed by his more famous son, Alexander the Great, Philip's genius enabled him to reform his backwater kingdom, become master of Greece, and set the stage for the conquest of Persia.
📷 taken at the Vatican Museums
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Zhang Qian (d.113 BC) was a Chinese diplomat & explorer sent by the Han emperor to seek alliance with the Yuezhi nomads, who had recently conquered the Greco Bactrian kingdom in modern Afghanistan, & is likely the 1st known encounter of Chinese & Greeks in antiquity
#history
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The Seleucid Era was the world's first continuous dating system, named after Seleucus I Nicator (Year 0 being 312/311 BC). It was the model for the Christian Anno Domini and Islamic Hijrah, and was in use as far as Quanzhou, China on the graves of 14th cent. Nestorian Christians.
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Alexandria-Eschate, “Alexandria-the-farthest”, a city founded by the eponymous conqueror near modern Khojand, Tajikistan in the Ferghana Valley. It was built as a outpost against the Steppe nomads, & symbolized the end of the “civilized world” as the northeastern most Greek city.
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In 227/226 B.C., a powerful earthquake devastated the city of Rhodes, killing thousands in the process and even toppling its famous Colossus. In one of the first documented cases of international relief efforts, help poured in from across the Mediterranean world.
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The Dionysus Mosaic: found in a villa belonging to a Macedonian noble living in Pella during the late fourth century BC, Dionysus became increasingly popular following Alexander’s conquests in the East.
📸 Pella Archaeological Museum, 3/2024
#mosaicmonday
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A Macedonian helmet recovered from the tomb of Phillip II (Late 3rd Cent BC). Some scholars argue that it may belong to Alexander, based on head wounds from the Granicus. The painting is a fresco dating to the period, showing a similar helmet.
#history
#art
#archaeology
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I had such a great time in Greece, everyone I met was very friendly and accommodating. The amount of people, both among my listeners and random strangers, who reached out and offered their help was sincerely appreciated.
I’m eagerly waiting for my next visit, perhaps in 2024!
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The "Tower of Winds", Athens. Designed by Andronicus of Cyrrhus in the 1st cent. BC, it originally had a sun dial, water clock, and wind vane, effectively making it an ancient meteorological station. The reliefs depict the eight wind deities (Boreas etc.)
📷 taken in March 2023
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What’s on the podcast agenda for this summer?
- The Kingdom of Pergamon
- The Great Revolt and crisis in Ptolemaic Egypt
- The “Pact of the Kings” and the Fifth Syrian War
- The Roman intervention and Second Macedonian War
- Antiochus III vs Rome
Oh yeah, we’re looking good.
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The Seleucid Empire was the largest of the Hellenistic realms. Many of its bordering territories were vassals, but Syria and Mesopotamia served as its imperial heartlands. Rebellious dynasts, invasions, and civil war eventually reduced it to northern Syria
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Our next episode is “Peoples of the Steppe”: we cover the ‘end’ of the Scythians, the migration of new tribes (Parni, Yuezhi, Sarmatian) along the Pontic-Caspian+Central Asian Steppes, & explore their relationships & soon-to-be pivotal roles within the Hellenistic world.
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One of the best documented figures of Ptolemaic Egypt was Senmonthis, an Egyptian woman living in the village of Pathyris. In 152 B.C., she was married to a Greek cavalry officer some thirty years her senior named Dryton, considerably elevating her socio-economic status (1/7)
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Anna from Texas taking Suetonius down a peg or two. Would love to introduce her to Catullus or the Historia Augusta.
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Hi everyone! I am proud to unveil one of the designs done by the amazingly talented
@stephpeppery
for the show, depicting Alexander the Great!
This design is now available on my Redbubble page in a wide variety of products, all going to support the show!
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Ancient India was a subject of fascination to the Greek world before & after Alexander’s campaign. From 323-185 it was home to the mighty Maurya Empire, the largest until the Mughals. The Maurya collapse prompted invasion by Greek kings from Bactria, who ruled for centuries after
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