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The leading ancient Indus civilization (3500-1700 BCE) website since 1995.
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Bathing in Mohenjo-daro some 4,500 years ago was as sophisticated as had ever been the case in human history. Almost every home in the city had a bathing platform with a water-tight brick floor and drainage system. The Great Bath was only the epitome of a well-executed urban
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A few years ago, an excellent book appeared to help sort through all the latest DNA analysis and other research and headlines around the sub-continents early populations: our review of Tony Joseph's Early Indians is at
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We turned 28 this year - founded 1995! - and wish the thousands of people who come to the site every day from all over the world to learn about the ancient Indus civilization a very Happy New Year. As ever, many thanks to Vasant Dave, Ilona Aronovsky, Nadine Zubair, Jeff Turner,
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A rarely seen image of deep diggings at Mohenjo-daro 1950 illustrates the density of urban construction in the citadel area, with the "Great Granary" or large hall in the background, "gradually engulfed by a clutter of later Indus buildings." The circular structures are wells.
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Mohenjo-daro Streets with Drains. The drainage system was one of the most remarkable features of the Mature Harappan city. All the streets and lanes across neighbourhoods in Mohenjo-daro had drains. The drains were mostly covered and hidden underground. They were covered by a
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Mohenjo-daro has been called the "city of wells." Mark Kenoyer: "On the basis of the number of wells found in the excavated areas, Michael Jansen has calculated that the city may have had over 700 wells. In contrast Harappa may have had as few as 30," cont
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One of the largest seals found from any Indus civilization site dating to about 2200-1900 BCE at Harappa. It may be that the size of a seal was a reflection of its owner's stature in the community, as it would have been expensive to produce a large object with a long inscription.
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Mohenjo-daro: Buildings and streets were aligned along a north-south and east-west grid with minor variations as new buildings were constructed. The corbeled arch in the background was built to cover a street drain, but was blocked as the cross streets were filled with debris.
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The majestic zebu bull, with its heavy dewlap and curving horns is the most impressive motif found on the Indus seals. Generally carved on large seals with short inscriptions, the zebu motif is found almost exclusively at the largest cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.
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A visualization of the so-called Priest-King figure found at Mohenjo-daro using possible colors and elements from the archaeological record applied to a replica (courtesy J.M. Kenoyer).
#Indus_Civilisation
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The first seal, found at Harappa before 1872 is included in The British Museum's A History of the World in 100 Objects. Sir Alexander Cunningham, who led excavations in 1872-73 wrote 50 years before we knew that the Indus civilization had existed: "The most curious object
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One of the least appreciated things in ancient Indus archaeology is the fine photography done by early expeditions and their unknown Indian photographers. This is from Sahni's Harappa 1923-24 excavations, note how perfectly the lines and trench is arranged, the bricks in the
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The Great Jar of Chanhu-daro is is one of the largest and most richly painted ancient Indus pots ever found. A series of close-ups at MoFA Boston where it is on display, with excavator E. Mackay's observations at
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A bolt from the past: The Indian State Railways brochure for Mohenjo-daro from the 1930s. Promoting tourism and archaeology, the complete images and text at
#Indus_Civilisation
#Mohenjo
-daro
#Sindh
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NEW VIDEO: Dholavira, Gujarat: Preventive Conservation of a World Heritage Bronze Age Site in India. A well-illustrated overview of the ancient Indus site of Dholavira, its history and construction with a leading authority on the civilization in Gujarat, India. The long version
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THE HARAPPANS: A very well produced and visually rich video introduction to the ancient Indus civilization with Namit Arora. Extensive scenes of Dholavira and its possible stadium. Sticks to facts, careful about speculation. Well-narrated, draws parallels with today's cities,
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"It has become clear that Balochistan can neither be perceived as a border nor as a frontier; but rather as a core area with its own dynamics and characterised by regionally distinctive styles," writes Dr. Ute Vogt in Prehistoric Balochistan: Cultural Developments in an Arid
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An incredibly well-preserved unicorn seal and sealing. Found at Mohenjo-daro, the "unicorn" is the most common creature on Indus seals Note the perfectly cut incisions for the Indus signs, and the sharpness of the relief on the sealing. From our new photographic walk through the
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Well before Harappa was excavated, there were tantalizing clues about some extraordinary ruins by European travelers in the region. The first known reference was by Charles Masson, a deserter from the East India Company's Bengal Artillery. They headed west, towards the Indus
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Harappa Chimaeras as 'Symbolic Hypertexts' by Dennys Frenez and Massimo Vidale is a fascinating paper on composite Indus creatures and their possible meaning: ‘symbolic-hypertexts’-some-thoughts-plato-chimaera-and-indus-civilization
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A brilliant new graphic novel by Nikhil Gulati and Dr. Jonathan Mark Kenoyer brings the ancient Indus world home for kids and adults alike. Funny, up-to-date with the latest research, full of superb storytelling and insight. From Penguin India. Review at
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A Walk Inside the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro. 1. Main steps, looking north. 2. The lower-edge inside, with brick edging that extends the entire width of the pool. 3. Lower ledge and Drain outlet. 4. Looking north, the tank would have been open to the sky, but the surrounding
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The dancing girl of Mohenjo-daro in three views, with close-ups of face, choker and bangles.
John Marshall writes of this figure: "the arms and legs . . . are adorned with armlets, bangles, and anklets. These ornaments may sometimes have been made of metal, but in all probability
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We are delighted to finally put online a book we have long wanted to bring to a wider audience, Dr. Randall Law's groundbreaking Inter-Regional Interaction and Urbanism in the Ancient Indus Valley. All 830 pages of this remarkable analysis of materials found at Harappa and their
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What kind of things did Indus people eat? Various scholars weigh in, including Jane McIntosh: "The Harappans grew lentils and other pulses (peas, chickpeas, green gram, black gram). Their main staples were wheat and barley, which were presumably made into bread and perhaps also
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The first large ancient Indus pot excavated in 1921 by Daya Ram Sahni, Mound F, Harappa, before we even knew about the civilization. Inside was a "chess piece." See all the images from those historic first excavations at
#Indus_Civilisation
#pottery
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The first seal, found at Harappa before 1872, before we even knew that the Indus civilization had existed. Sir Alexander Cunningham, who led the first excavations there in 1872-73 and published news of the seal, wrote 50 years before we understood : "The most curious object
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Bathing in Mohenjo-daro some 4,500 years ago was as sophisticated as had ever been the case in human history. Almost every home in the city had a bathing platform with a water-tight brick floor and drainage system. More in our 100 slide tour of the city
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The Other Dancing Girl. The female figurine, shown here with a replica in the background of the well-known "dancing girl" of Mohenjo-daro (original in New Delhi), may or may not be a dancing girl. From our new 36 slide series on the Indus collection at the National Museum of
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We are delighted to publish a new set of over 50 photos from Daya Ram Sahni's 2nd season at Harappa 1923-24, before we knew about the Indus civilization.
Unearthing the Mysteries of Harappa, curated by Dr. Nadine Zubair with commentary by Dr. Mark Kenoyer
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Copper in the Harappan Age. "The Harappans are referred to as a Bronze Age culture, and they used copper and bronze to manufacture axes, adzes, knives, fish hooks, chisels, pots and pans and jewelry . .." (Vasant Shinde). More at
#IndusCivilization
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Cannot recommend this ongoing series of lectures on the ancient Indus civilization enough - all lectures are saved on the Tamil Heritage Trust Youtube channel. Speakers so far include RS Bisht, P Ajithprasad, VN Prabharkar, Dennyz Frenez, Gregg Jamison, SV Rajesh, Jennifer Bates,
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In Mohenjo-daro, every block of building had one or more wells similar to this one in DK-G Area. When archaeologists excavated the earth around the well, these private wells remained standing like tall chimneys.
#indus_civilization
#mohenjodaro
#wells
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Fish Symbolism in Indus Valley Epigraphy and Protohistoric Accounts by Shamashis Sengupta who teaches at CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay has come up with a paper rich in historical and epigraphical associations that complexify and simplify thinking about one of the most important
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A Walk Around the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro. The side walls of the roughly 12 by 7 meter tank were constructed with finely fitted bricks and a thick layer of bitumen (natural tar) was laid along the sides of the tank to keep water from seeping through the walls and up into
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The impressions of a pipal leaf found in the upper clay levels of a drain in Harappa, shown here with a modern pipal leaf, indicate that what many think was a sacred tree was growing in the ancient city of Harappa at the time. A well at Mohenjo-daro, a sealing from the city and
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Four Indus Re-Imaginings in Color 1. The Indus settlement at Surkotada 2. Mound E at Harappa. 3. Harappa Granary 4. Lothal. More and details at
#Indus_Civilisation
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Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages by Asko Parpola is an important recent (October 2020) paper which examines the 2018 finds from the Late Harappan site of Sanauli near Delhi:
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The Indus Civilization: 100 Years of Discovery. Radio interview with Prof. Mark Kenoyer; A century of excavations at Harappa in the Punjab reveal a world of details about daily life and cultural interaction at the dawn of civilization.
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The Harappan ‘Veneer’ and the Forging of Urban Identity by Mary A. Davis is a thought-provoking paper explores the widespread similarity and standardization in material culture across the Indus Valley Civilization, termed by others as the ‘Harappan Veneer’. How did such an
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Excavations at the "Granary," Harappa, Trenches 41 1998-2000 exposed new facts about this most puzzling of structures. Built apparently at one time, and more than once reconstructed on the foundations of a previous structure, there is absolutely no sign of grain in the rooms or
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Plano convex molded tablet from Harappa showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress,
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Ancient Indus Men's Hairstyles. Males of stature seem to have had their hair tied in close buns, and with headband to further articulate their head. This is true of the priest king, shown here in a possible colored replica, the original, and in profile soon after being found in
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A reimagining of life in Lothal 4,000 years ago, satellite images of today's landscape, and the discoverer, S. R. Rao's drawings of the town plan, bead factory and warehouse. "While exploring the Sabarmati estuary an ancient mound presently known as Lothal was discovered in
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The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston has the largest collection of Indus objects outside the subcontinent, all from the mysterious town of Chanhu-daro, even if this is unknown to most visitors who comb through MoFA's vast halls. Fruits from a recent visit:
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There are almost no concise, up-to-date accounts of the ancient Indus civilization, locating the latest facts and opinions within a larger intellectual context. The Indus: Lost Civilizations (paperback 2021) by Andrew Robinson is the rare exception. Review
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Finding the Priest King. A workman handing over the Priest King at the time of excavations in I, Block 2 of DK-B Area during the John Marshal led 1925-26 excavations at Mohenjo-daro.
Possehl writes "many classic Harappan style artifacts came to light at this time, including the
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NEW:
#1
Introduction to Discovery at Harappa – a brand new section to celebrate the 100th anniversary of excavations at Harappa. We will be rolling out over 1,000 pages chronicling the first excavations at the site, 1921-1940. More at
#HarappaDiscovery
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Harappan Pendant. "Pendant or medallion pictures the unicorn combined with many sacred symbols of the Indus religion. The body of the figure has a kidney or womb-shaped symbol in its belly, the same motif is elaborated to form the frame for the pendant, which is also a common
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Yogic Seal M-305: "Astronomy, including the use of a star calendar, played an important role in ancient Mesopotamia, and deeply influenced its religion: all the main gods were symbolized by particular stars or planets. . . one or two "star" symbols placed near the head
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What about the mysterious platforms at Harappa? Another perplexing Indus problem are the so-called workingmen's platforms at Harappa, next to the "granary" whose purpose also eludes us. Photographs from the excavations by the Harappa Archaeological Research Project following M.S.
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Peaceful Harappans? Reviewing the evidence for the absence of warfare in the Indus Civilisation of north-west India and Pakistan (c. 2500-1900 BC) by Edward Cork argues that "life beside the ancient Indus may not have been so peaceful and egalitarian as has sometimes been
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Ancient Indus @ the Ashmolean Oxford: On a recent visit to Oxford, I used my iPhone to take a closer look at a diverse set of ancient Indus objects, some of them acquired after colonial times, in one of the world's great university museums. These included some in the Ancient
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As Dr. Rafique Mughal leads the first major excavation at the site of Ganweriwala in the Cholistan desert – an exceptionally exciting development in ancient Indus archaeology – it is well worth reviewing his earlier papers, many of which were published in Pakistani 40 or more
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The so-called "Great Granary" at Harappa is one of the least understood buildings at the site, and shows no evidence of having been a granary. The earliest versions date to around 2450 BCE. More about this in our 45 slide Walk Around Harappa today at
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The amazing story of a late Indus bead pot, discovered at Harappa in the late 1990s. Careful excavations of the pot required several weeks and yielded a carefully curated treasure
133 Beads were found:
#Indus_Civilization
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CIty of Wells II: "Remarkable as it may seem, the [700 est.] well locations at Mohenjo-daro seem to have been laid out when the original platforms were built and were maintained over the history of the city with almost no changes," writes Michael Jansen,
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Excavated by the Harappa Archaeological Research Project in 1993, this large corbelled drain was built in the middle of an abandoned gateway at Harappa to dispose of rainwater and sewage. More in our Around the Indus in 90 Slide Series by Dr. Mark Kenoyer:
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It is ironic that what is possibly one of the most spectacular examples of Indus craftsmanship and artistry was found not at Mohenjo-daro or Harappa, or even in the subcontinent, but in ancient Mesopotamia. There is even a rough date when it was assembled – around 2500 BCE – and
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Of all the objects in the National Museum of Pakistan's Indus Gallery in Karachi, none quite so grabs your attention with its innate character as this tiny faience monkey from Mohenjo-daro. Just over 3 cm in height, made of blue-green faience, probably in a wooden mold according
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A rarely seen image of excavations at Harappa in 1923-24, before we knew it was part of the really ancient Indus civilization, 2,000 years before we knew history in the area went back to. From our first ever annotated look at the 1923-24 excavations:
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The archaeologist in this famous photograph of excavations at Mohenjo-daro was recently identified as K.N. Dikshit, who excavated at the site in 1924-25, thanks to his granddaughter Dr. Veena Mandrekar. Rao Bahadur Kashinath Narayan Dikshit (21 October 1889 – 12 August 1946) was
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"In terms of sheer numbers, objects composed of steatite (talc) are the most abundant type of stone artifact at Harappa," writes Randall Law, whose remarkable chapter on the sources of steatite in the ancient Indus valley is available for free, as is his whole pioneering work on
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Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization by Sir John Marshall (1931) is a key text for understanding the early ancient Indus excavations at Mohenjo-daro, for its photographs of many objects not otherwise photographed and on the web or in other works, for the intelligent
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This majestic seated male sculpture or "Priest King" from Mohenjo-daro sports a fillet or ribbon headband with circular inlay ornament on the forehead and similar but smaller ornament on the right upper arm:
#IndusCivilization
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Two bricks with impressions from Mohenjo-daro. Brick making was important for Indus cities and the production of bricks may have taken place in areas outside the city as well as near to habitation areas. These bricks with animal and human footprints tell the story of what was
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Excavations at Rakigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000], "one of the five largest archaeological sites of the Harappan Civilisation," by Amarendra Nath is a free 400 page report detailing the finds at this extraordinary ancient Indus site in Haryana:
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It is ironic that what is possibly the most spectacular example of the glories of Indus craftsmanship and artistry was found not at Mohenjo-daro or Harappa, or even in the subcontinent, but in ancient Mesopotamia from c. 2500 BVE. Close shots and more at
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Few things better represent the power of ancient Indus cities in their time - much like subways and digital switches do modern cities - than brick drains. Five drains that could from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro show that the volume of water that flowed through these structures
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Lattice Screen and Curved Fragment from Mohenjo-daro. Dr. Kenoyer writes: "Windows situated on both the first and second stories had shutters with latticework grills above and below the shutters. This allowed air and light into the room when the shutters were closed and
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"The weights are precisely made, well polished and systematic . . .. Unique in the ancient world, the Indus weight system does not correspond to any of the weight systems used in Mesopotamia or Egypt. It has left a remarkable legacy in India. It provided the weight standards
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Early female figurine, Harappa. Holds a round object with both hands. Hair is bound at the back of the head into tiered hairstyle. Necklace with long pendants, bangles, and grid-like lines possibly depicting textile designs are painted in black.
72 slides
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A wide variety of game pieces from Mohenjo-daro on a modern wooden board at the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi. Sir John Marshall, one of the earliest excavators at Mohenjo-daro writes in the monumental work summarizing the first finds at the site (Mohenjo-daro and the
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An evocative mask about which Dr. Kenoyer writes: "Mask with open mouth has holes for wooden teeth. Slight ridge forms an eyebrow that ends in a projecting, perforated knob. Half of the mask is reconstructed." From our walk through the Indus gallery at the NMP, Karachi
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A superb framing by Dr. Cameron Petrie of how we might think of the Indus civilization and its evolution as a larger entity in comparison and contrast with other ancient civilizations: Review and link at
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An unfired steatite seal and sealing of a boat found at Mohenjo-daro. A close and insightful reading by Ernest J.H. Mackay reads "Seal 30 ... was found in two pieces. It is rectangular in shape and incomplete motif on the back consists of roughly scratched lines that cross one
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Dr. Rajesh Rao, shown here with the imprint of the Dholavira signboard, gives a fine overview of ancient Indus script research in a recent 25 minute VOX Media podcast Cracking the Indus Code
#Indus_Civilisation
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Who Were the ‘Massacre Victims’ at Mohenjo-daro? A Craniometric Investigation by Brian E. Hemphill "indicates that the so-called ‘massacre victims’ of Mohenjo-daro likely represent the remains of squatter populations from the west who interred their dead in the decrepit remains
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Inscribed Unicorn Seals from Bagasra, Gujarat: A Comparative Analysis of Morphology, Carving Styles, and Distribution Patterns by Gregg M. Jamison, Bhanu Prakash Sharma, P. Ajithprasad, K. Krishnan, Kuldeep Bhan and V. H. Sonawane is a substantial article that examines seven
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Stairways of Mohenjo-daro II: In addition to hundreds of wells, Mohenjo-daro had hundreds of staircases. As in Image 1 for example, many houses had stairs leading to upper courtyards of the building or to a second floor. In Image II, a temple or house of an important person, a
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Mohenjo-daro 1950: Stupa and Indus period structures (looking north) from walkway between SD and L Areas. Later Buddhist period stupa and structures are visible at the top of the slope.
From little known images in Sir Mortimer Wheeler's personal collection
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Few Indus figurines exude so much character making it seem like it was based on a real person.
"The partly kneeling position can be interpreted as supplication or subservience, but this is also a standard position for sitting in readiness for action. With one swift movement a
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Sir Mortimer Wheeler's Mohenjo-daro 1950: Some 79 photographs from is personal album at
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Once in a while a book comes along that so radically shifts your perspective and ways of thinking about a complex subject that it can only be called breathtaking. Against the Grain A Deep History of the Earliest States (2017) by Yale Prof. J. C. Scott at
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In The Story of an Ancient Dock: Lothal in the History of the Indian Ocean, Dr. Shereen Ratnagar writes with a crystalline, no-nonsense intelligence about Lothal and its famous "dockyard" in a way that both uplifts and contextualizes this strange feature of a small Harappan site.
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It is unknown if elephants were domesticated in Indus times. One of the few elephant heads from Harappa has stylized ears & red & white stripes across its face. It may mirror decorating domesticated elephants for ceremonies still common in South Asia
#Indus_Civilisation
#elephant
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Is the Indus script indeed not a writing system? In 2008, Dr. Parpola published an updated second paper refuting the controversial Dr. Steve Farmer et. al thesis that the Indus script is actually not a writing system
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These books, at least 15 years in the making, are major contributions to the study of the ancient Indus script, the product of diligent research and the careful collection of all known Indus inscriptions into a single database and two volume publication. The first volume (first
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A look at Surkotada, a small, 3.5 acre site NE of Bhuj, in Gujarat. "The excavations at Surkotada have been significantly rewarding in unfolding a sequence of three cultural sub-periods well-within the span of Harappan chronology," writes J.P. Joshi:
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What were houses like in ancient Indus times?
Shereen Ratnagar: In a city like Mohenjo-daro, the excavators have said that the thick-walled houses could have taken an upper storey; there were several rooms and courtyards to a house, but whether each of these was the space for
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The dancing girl of Mohenjo-daro in three views, with close-ups of face, choker and bangles. "The custom of wearing so many shell bracelets as almost to conceal the whole of the forearm is very common in India at the present day," wrote John Marshall in 1931.
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Guabba, the Meluhhan Village in Mesopotamia by PS Vermaak brings together all that we know about a (likely) Indus village embedded in another civilization around 2050 BCE. More evidence for the many links between ancient peoples:
#Indus
-civilisation
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Indus House 2 Drawing of one of 28 rooms in a well-preserved building. "There is nothing that we know of in prehistoric Egypt or Mesopotamia or anywhere else in western Asia to compare with the well-built baths and commodious houses of the citizens of Mohenjodaro" wrote Marshall.
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Nikhil Gulati in conversation about his stunning graphic novel The People of the Indus (Penguin India, 2022). He discusses long, complex evolution of this bestseller with Omar Khan at
#Indus_Civilization
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A small faeince bottle from Harappa with patches of lead residue. "Of the many rock and mineral varieties found at Indus Civilization sites, archaeologists have by far expended the most time and effort in the study of artifacts made of metals, in particular copper," writes Dr.
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One of the best illustrated, largely unavailable volumes (1988) on even the pre-Indus Mehrgarh Neolithic times, with images not found elsewhere, is now available for free download in French. Worth the pictures, and essays by leading archaeologists
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The Indus civilization is in so many ways a puzzle wrapped in another puzzle. One of the most challenging with respect to seals are the terracotta seals of the adjacent and contemporaneous Ahar Banas culture (3000-1500 BCE), described by Dr. Marta Ameri in her article The
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#92
. What do we know of Ancient Indus government? Two Indus archaeologists, Drs. Gwen Robbins Schug and Massimo Vidale state their opinions as part of our Ancient Indus Q n A series:
#Indus_Civilisation
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