China is a not your typical 1950 Cold War communist country. China is a country fueled by Chinese Nationalism (皇汉主义）， leading by President Xi Jinping. Actually average Chinese netizens call him “Emperor Xi (习皇）。 Chinese nationalism （Han Supremacism ）has become an undeniable force in modern geopolitics. However, to truly understand this phenomenon, we must delve into a specific ideology: Han supremacism (皇汉主义）。 This complex system, interwoven with history, culture, and politics, has not only shaped China’s national identity but has also influenced its domestic and foreign policies. Let’s take a closer look. Ancient Roots: The “Huayi Distinction” More than 2,000 years ago, the Chinese philosopher Confucius introduced the concept of “Huayi Distinction” (华夷之辨), which categorized civilized “Hua” people (the Han Chinese) as distinct from surrounding ethnic groups, whom he referred to as “barbarians.” These groups were classified as the Dongyi (Eastern Barbarians), Nanman (Southern Barbarians), Xirong (Western Barbarians), and Beidi (Northern Barbarians)—all considered culturally and racially inferior to the Han. This sense of cultural and racial superiority became the foundation of Chinese identity. Even today, this distinction persists, fueling Han-majority pride and unity while simultaneously marginalizing ethnic minorities. This ideological cornerstone is what we now call Han supremacism. The 19th Century: Survival of the Fittest and National Humiliation By the late 19th century, China suffered repeated humiliations at the hands of foreign powers through invasions and unequal treaties. It was during this period that the thinker Yan Fu （严复）introduced the concept of Social Darwinism. In his book Tianyan Lun (Evolution and Ethics), he argued that nations, like species, must evolve and compete for survival. Yan Fu’s ideas resonated deeply, reinforcing the Chinese people’s belief in the superiority of their culture and the necessity of national revival. This was no longer just about survival—it was about restoring China’s former glory. This conviction later became a pillar of the “Strong China” nationalist narrative. The 20th Century: Nationalism and the Communist Party Fast forward to the 20th century. Although communism appeared to be at odds with nationalism, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) strategically embraced nationalism as a tool for unification. Under Mao Zedong, the CCP positioned itself as the defender of the Chinese people against imperialism and foreign oppression. This narrative transcended ethnic and regional differences, forging a collective identity. However, it also planted the seeds of an exclusionary nationalism—one that prioritized the Han majority over other ethnic groups within China. The Rise of Fascist Influences in Han Supremacism Fascism, as an ideological component, is a relatively new addition to the framework of Han supremacism. In fact, its influence has only begun to take root in the past 20 years, closely linked to the global rise of far-right, authoritarian ideologies. In 2017, Xi Jinping removed the term limits for the presidency, marking a shift toward power centralization—one of the hallmarks of a fascist regime. This decision triggered global concerns about the erosion of democratic principles in China while further solidifying the authoritarian nature of Han supremacism. Over the past two decades, the fusion of far-right authoritarianism and Chinese nationalism has strengthened the narrative of Han cultural and racial superiority, further isolating ethnic minorities and suppressing dissent. The Uighur Genocide: A Dark Manifestation of Han Supremacism That same year, the genocide of the Uyghurs in East Turkestan (Xinjiang) began, a horrifying manifestation of Han supremacism. Mass internment, forced labor, and cultural erasure reflect the dangerous combination of nationalism and authoritarianism.

当代中国历史学界正使出吃奶的劲头来证明“高昌国是汉人国家”。 我在此就是指出一个简单的逻辑： 高昌国兴盛之初， 是东汉末年中国历史上最动荡不安的年代。 黄河流域的汉人主体在最羸弱的时候， 居然在遥远的西域建立了另外一个汉人国家？ 这是如何穿越的？