The Jackmeister: Mongol History
@the_jackmeister
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Writes about Chinggisids. Writing a PhD on the Golden Horde
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New video up, looking at the history of writing Mongolian and how many medieval Mongolian documents survive. Link below.
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Veiled woman warriors, from the illustrated Kitab-i-Samak 'Iyar, dated generally to late 14th century, late Ilkhanate/Injuid period. Female ayyars (heroic warriors) apparently feature heavily in the story
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There's a couple Mongols in the sources who lose their eyes due to arrow wounds (that good ol' chap Nogai of course being my favourite). Tonight I found the first Ilkhanid depiction I've ever seen of what appears to be this happening to someone.
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1/ MONGOL-BYZANTINE MARRIAGES
At least six marriages between the Palaiologoi and the Chinggisids are recorded by my counting, unless I missed some. Usually they are explicitly described as being the "natural" daughters of the Emperors (that is, their mothers were not the empress)
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SUBEDEI IN THE KHWAREZMIAN CAMPAIGN, 1220
1/ Subedei is by far the most well-known general of the Mongol Empire. Leading armies through China, Central Asia, Iran, the Caucasus, the Western Steppes and Europe, few commanders have a comparable record.
And yet...
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1/ There is a belief that the Mongol Empire ruled over just empty-space, and its administration consisted of just "tribal bands running back and forth," with no structure of empire. However, that's a stereotype of modern creation.
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1/ Today is the day Mongolia celebrates the birthday of Chinggis Khan! We do not know the day or even precise year of his actual birth; the Mongolian government chose the First Day of Winter in the Lunar Calender (Nov 14th) as a symbolic day to celebrate it.
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1/ Being able to translate Mongolian in the 13th-16th centuries was an important skill to have. In addition to having numerous texts in the Mongolian language, we also have a number of dictionaries/glossaries which provide translations of Mongolian into other languages.
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A Mamluk horse archer. Mamluks were well trained for both close-range and long-distance warfare. Most of the early Mamluks were sourced from the Qipchaq steppe and sold into service around 14 years old; thus, living their first years as nomads they developed early on....
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1/ BATTLE OF QATWAN, 1141: SELJUQS VS QARA-KHITAI
Fought near Samarkand, the battle of Qatwan was one of the most significant battles of the 12th century, which determined the politics in Central Asia until the rise of the Mongol Empire.
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1/ An update and thread on this article which has been going around relating to the "discovery" of the tomb of Chinggis Khan.
@csen_nomads
,
@VHansenYear1000
you may be particularly interested in this.
@HardcoreHistory
was recently asking about it too
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Thought I'd have a go at the mountain pattern armour but I hated it so much that by the end of it I killed the poor guy
Mount and Draw
If you want something of a challenge, I recommend drawing the so called mysterious Chinese 山文鎧 (shānwénkǎi) or "Mountain Pattern Armour"🙂
It's depicted many times in Chinese art (even outside china), but no archaeological evidence have been found so far. 😅
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I sometimes get asked why I don't respond to these types of posts. These are written to just start arguments and get lots of engagement (one of these was posted only like last week). The people posting them don't know anything about the topic and don't care what you argue
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Reminder to all that all "evidence" for Chinggis Khan being white/red haired is essentially just a result of bad translations and wishful thinking. We have several descriptions of him, and all indication is that he was of typical Mongolian appearance
Pretty soon Robert X here is gonna claim some mad scientist from the hollow earth created all non-white people.
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1/ EMIR TEMÜR AND IBN KHALDŪN, 1401
The famous Islamic scholar Ibn Khaldūn (d.1406) had the misfortune to find himself in Damascus, abandoned by the Mamluk armies as they fled back to Egypt, when the mighty Emir Temür ("Tamerlane", d.1405) encircled the city.
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1/ For the next few weeks, I will post depictions, in chronological order, of all the rulers of the Mongol Empire from 1206-1388. Each will have their names in English, modern and traditional Mongolian scripts, as well as the temple names given to them during the Yuan Dynasty
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Now that I shared all the depictions of the Great Khans of the Yeke Mongghol Ulus from 1206-1388, here is the family tree from Chinggis Khan to Tögüs-Temür, showing mothers as well. 10 generations of fun.
1/ Tögüs-Temür was Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1378-88. Depending on the source, he was either a son or brother of the previous Khan, Ayushiridara. Tögüs-Temür came to power after the end of Mongol rule in China.
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1/ A laminar-protected Mongol horse of the thirteenth century.
Laminar was one of the most common armours used by the forces of the Mongol Empire; most sources that describe their armour, discuss this style of leather armour, and note that it was also very effective.
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Excited to receive today my copy of Dr. Atwood's new translation of the Secret History of the Mongols. Fortuitous timing as I had just finished rereading the de Rachewiltz translation and am returning it to the library; I was thus allowed a brief photoshoot of them back to back
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Found my new favourite figure from the Edinburgh MS of the Jami' al-Tawarikh. Now those are some hands.
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1/ Translation services were important work in the Mongol Empire. Dealing with language barriers could be a great hassle in any medieval state, and the Mongol Empire had to deal with administration over numerous, unrelated languages from across Asia. Not surprisingly...
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1/ TURKIC(?) FURNACES OF THE ALTAI
Not only did the empires of the Eurasian steppe have access to furnaces for metalworking, they employed several kinds over the millennia to serve different roles.
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1/ GÖKTÜRK STONE INSCRIPTIONS
You'll hear it often claimed that nomadic peoples left no writing behind of any sorts, and that we only hear the accounts of their enemies. However, this (as with so many claims about steppe societies!) is not true.
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Neat piece of religious syncretism in a fragment of a Mongolian document from the Ilkhanate in the Museum of Tehran; combining the classic preamble appealing to Tengri as well as the Prophet Muhammad.
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I presented this at a conference last year, and now it has been turned into a chapter you can read in the latest volume of Micae Mediaevales. In short, outlining some thoughts as to Mongol-European relations after 1242.
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1/ GENGHIS KHAN, BUKHARA AND THE PUNISHMENT OF GOD
It’s often said that Chinggis stood on the pulpit in the Grand Mosque of Bukhara in February or March 1220 and told its notables that they had committed great sins, and he was God’s punishment sent against them.
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1/ Mongol victory feast after the Kalka River battle, 1223.
One of the most well-known stories from the Mongols' western campaigns was the defeat of the Qipchaq-Rus' force at the Kalka River, and how the Mongol leadership feasted upon planks laying atop of various Rus' princes.
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1/ Möngke (“eternal” in Mongolian), oldest son of Tolui and Sorqaqtani Beki and grandson of Chinggis Khan, was the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1251-1259. He was one of the most important and consequential of the Great Khans.
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The Battle of 'Ayn Jalut, September 1260. The famous Mongol defeat against the Mamluks under Qutuz and Baybars.
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New video up with
@KingsGenerals
, providing an overview on the Cuman-Qipchaq peoples, and their place in the Mongol Empire. Link below
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Started learning the old Mongol-Uyghur script. Might be a bit much for my poor penmanship but we all must start somewhere.
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Revisited an old image of mine showing Yuan, Ming and Qing soldiers. I think the original was done around 2018, and since then I have seen it sporadically shared across the internet by others.
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1/ XIONGNU VS HAN CAVALRY
For part of my series on nomadic blacksmithing, I had a look at the Xiongnu, whose state was important for the spread of new furnace types and iron-working across the eastern steppes. It was also a chance to try my hand at depicting Xiongnu.
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Like the hooves of Mongol horses, books by Timothy May will travel everywhere, such as the beaches of the Aegean Coast of Türkiye.
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My friend and colleague Dr. Stephen Pow has published a video with Kings & Generals outlining his arguments (and the general historiography regarding) the Mongol withdrawal from Europe in 1242. Link attached below for those who want to check it out
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One of the worst written articles I have ever had the misfortune to read. Basically boiled down to "Russia is in Asia. Mongol Empire was in Asia. Coincidence? I think not"
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(1)BATTLE ON THE TEREK RIVER, JANUARY 1263: When the Ilkhanate and Golden Horde went to war in 1262, the Jochids under Berke and his beylerbeyi Nogai first invaded the Caucasus, seeking to wrest it back from Hülegü Ilkhan. However, Berke and Nogai were forced by Hülegü and...
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1/ The third son of Chinggis Khan and Börte Khatun, Ögedei became second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire in 1229. He oversaw a consolidation of the Mongol Empire and solidification of its administrative structures, expanding its bureaucratic apparatus...
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All five parts of my series on Mongol Heavy Cavalry are now available to watch on Youtube. Which has been your favourite?
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1/ A map I put together quickly for a discussion with Tengri Bows on Instagram relating to the Mongol invasion of Khwarezm, which might of interest to others. It doesn't show all the Mongol movements but highlights the main routes.
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1/ TURKIC CAVALRY OF THE EARLY DELHI SULTANATE
When I did my video series on Mongol heavy cavalry, I wanted from the outset to depict the various other types of heavy horse they would face around the world. But in aiming to do so, I had to deal with the issue...
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1/ Over the course of the Mongol conquests, the armies of the Great Khans had many opportunities to equip themselves with the equipment of their defeated foes. It has been argued even, that this was the primary means by which the average trooper acquired new arms and armour
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This image again. This image is not of Queen Genepil; it first appears in National Geographic in 1921 but does not name the lady. There do not seem to be any credible photos of Genepil
Queen Genepil (1905-1938), was the last queen of Mongolia and the wife of the last Mongol Khan. In the wake of her husband's death, she was arrested and executed in 1938, swept up in the Stalinist purge that sought to obliterate the remnants of Mongolian heritage and echoes of
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1/ ORDU-BALIQ, THE UYGHUR KHAGAN'S CAPITAL, 9TH CENTURY
One of the largest cities in pre-modern Mongolia was Ordu-Baliq (Qara Balghasun, Kharbalgas), the capital of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the Orkhon Valley, the archaeological site and its communities occupies an area c. 44 km²
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1/ ATTILA THE HUN
Before anyone asks, no, I am not doing a video on Attila the Hun. This is just for fun, as I listened to a discussion by Hyun Jin Kim, a specialist on the Huns (and reading some of his work) and felt like making this.
A few comments:
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1/ TOMYRIS AND THE SCYTHIAN VICTORY OVER THE ACHAEMENID PERSIANS
For part of my series on nomad blacksmithing I had a brief look at the Scythians. Scythians graves are rather rich in wonderful bronze and gold working, indicating the access they had to it across their lands.
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1/ HEAVY MONGOL LAMELLAR LANCER
The heaviest armour the Mongols wore in the 13th century was metal lamellar for horse and rider. Lamellar is made of many small, metal plates (lamelles) pierced with holes. Through each of these ran a string (silk in some cases)
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For fun and done rather quickly:
@teulu_dewr
's Sogdian and Tocharian riders.
"Say, will it be nice for a painting or two once we return home?"
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1/ Some of the heavy Mamluk cavalry from my latest video on Mongol-Mamluk heavy cavalry.
Most depictions you'll see of the Mamluks are rather questionable, usually little more than generic ""saracens"" with turban covered helmets and big scimitars.
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Another nice one from the Diez Albums. Showing a Khan bestowing belts on his followers. Khans spent a lot of resources on outfits for the nobility and military elite, especially the keshig.
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1/ Mongols pulling Korean general No Tan 盧坦 from his horse in 1231. The Mongols surprised this Goryeo army while it was resting during a march, and injured both of its commanders. No Tan was pulled off his horse from the hook on a Mongol lance (a common feature), but survived.
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Love the colour here. Similar styles of lamellar were worn across a large swath of the world for much of the Middle Ages, including Turkic and Mongol armies of later period than shown here.
晚唐归义军甲胄复原：
Late Tang Guiyi(归义) army armor restored,Guiyi army's a Chinese local government centered around Dunhuang in Hexi region from the late Tang dyn to the early Song dyn,founded by Tang general Zhang Yichao(张议潮).
🔗:(©️裝束复原)
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Update to the family tree.
Added:
-Chinggis' daughters
-more Chagatayids
-Yuan Khans up to Toghon Temur
-a few more individuals here and there that I had images of.
I'm surprised how many variations of the name Konchak ended up; it's a surprisingly unisex name?
I put together a Chinggisid family tree, from various icons and images I have made in my videos. It's not exhaustive by any means, but just showing which named Chinggisids have appeared in my videos. You can see even see a hint for the next video here as well...
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It is popularly claimed that the peoples of the Eurasian steppes (and adjacent regions) lacked any abilities to work metal or produce their weapons and armour. Often they are portrayed as parasites or totally reliant on having equipment produce in China or Central Asia.
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1/ Depiction of the Tsagaan Ereg settlement, in the Tarvagatai Valley in North Mongolia.
As I discussed in my video series on nomad blacksmithing, there is fascinating remains of urban sites throughout Mongolia's history.
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1/ GERMAN MINERS UNDER MONGOL SUPERVISION, 1240s-50s
The Mongols were well-known for ferrying artisans and craftsmen from conquered cities across their empire. Those of useful skills— especially blacksmiths, but anyone capable of taking part in production of wares for....
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1/ MURDER OF KÖTEN, CUMAN LEADER, MARCH 1241
Köten (variously rendered Kotjen, Kuthen, Kotyan, and half a dozen other variations depending on language, source and what you think the reconstruction should be) was a Cuman-Qipchaq leader of the 13th century.
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The Mongol-Uyghur script is a lovely thing, though sometimes it can be a bit of a riddle. Such as this example that came up in a translation I was working on today, which I think is the nomen perfecti toγtaγaγsan, ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ, "to cause to toγta; lay a foundation,"
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1/ EMIR TEMÜR SACKS THE CITIES OF THE GOLDEN HORDE, 1395-96
Temür (“Tamerlane,” r.1370-1405) was a non-Chinggisid who dominated the western Chagatai Khanate, campaigning from Northern India to Anatolia and sacked the major cities of the Jochid ulus, the Golden Horde.
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1/ CUMAN UPRISING IN HUNGARY, 1280-1282
The Cuman sympathies of László IV/Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, were not enough to prevent an revolt amongst the Cumans in the Hungarian Kingdom against him.
1/ LADISLAUS IV, "THE CUMAN"/ IV. KUN LÁSZLÓ, "THE CUMAN KING OF HUNGARY"
László IV was King of Hungary from 1272-1290, a child of King István V and Elizabeth the Cuman, and grandson of King Béla IV. He was also deeply enamored with the Cuman culture of his mother.
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1/ TURKIC PROSPECTOR IN THE ALTAI
One of the main hurdles people have when it comes to comprehending that metallurgy took place in the steppe is understanding where the iron ore and other associated minerals came from, or how even when it was found, that they could access it.
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The Naadam festival in Mongolia has officially begun; the annual games celebrating the 'three manly sports;' archery, wrestling, and horseback racing.
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A Mongol lord having a Chinese servant repair his lamellar armour.
This was the among the best equipment a Mongol warrior (or any good medieval steppe lord) could wear. Sources attest to its fine quality, and that they were polished so well, you could see your own reflection!
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Gave my friends at History Dose a hand with their latest video, a short look at life in 12th century Mongolia. Check it out on Youtube, link below
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1/ THE SECRET BLACKSMITH CEREMONY OF THE ILKHANATE, 1300
The great Ilkhanid vizier and historian Rashid al-Dīn reports for us a secretive ceremony practiced by the Khans of the Ilkhanate (and seemingly implied to go back generations before).
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The cover image of my latest video shows a heavily-armoured Mongol with a peculiar "grated" visor. This depiction comes from the famous "Great Mongol Shahnama," produced in the Ilkhanate in the 1330s and depicting a variety of Mongol-era armours.
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1/ Khitan horsemen
The Khitan had the been the rulers of the Liao Dynasty (907-1125), an empire ruling parts of North China, Manchuria and Mongolia. The Khitans were not a nomadic people, but they primarily fought as horse archers and spoke a language related to Mongolian...
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1/ The Battle of Parwan, September 1221; This was Khwarezmshah Jalal al-Din Mingburnu's victory over a Mongol army under Shigi Qutuqu, the adopted son/brother of Chinggis Khan. Jalal al-Din was a son of the late Khwarezmshah Muhammad II, and had fled into today's Afghanistan...
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1/ The fourth and youngest son of Chinggis Khan and Börte Khatun, Tolui acted as regent of the Mongol Empire between his father’s death in 1227 and his brother Ögedei’s enthronement in 1229.
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Explaining how to read toγtaγaγsan from yesterday.
The Mongol-Uyghur script is a lovely thing, though sometimes it can be a bit of a riddle. Such as this example that came up in a translation I was working on today, which I think is the nomen perfecti toγtaγaγsan, ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ, "to cause to toγta; lay a foundation,"
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1/ In recent years, the Jurchen-ruled Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) has become famed for its Iron Pagoda (Iron Tower, Iron Buddha, 铁浮屠, 铁浮图) horsemen. For online circles interested in 12th-13th century Asian warfare they are the quintessential unit of the Jin Dynasty...
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1/ Khubilai Khan was a grandson of Chinggis Khan and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260-1294. Khubilai often had a poor relationship with his older brother, Möngke Khan (r.1251-59). After Möngke’s death in 1259, Khubilai challenged his youngest brother, Ariq Böke...
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Muqali of the Jalayir, one of the greatest Mongol generals. Here, giving a pony an apple.
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Another early inscription with text in both Mongolian and Chinese. This is the second inscription from the reign of Möngke Khaan (r.1251-1259) and dates to 1257.
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Started watching Shōgun last night. Pretty good, though not quite sold on the fish-eye lens.
Anyways, here's my depiction of samurai (gokenin) during the Yuan invasions 400 years prior. One my favourite ones I've ever done
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Back when I did my Mongol heavy cavalry video series, for fun I had wanted to do an image depicting a battle between knights and Mongols in imitation of the paintings in the Morgan Bible, a famous and wonderfully preserved resource for European armaments of the 13th century.
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Qorchi- the archers of the Great Khan's bodyguard.
The Great Khans of the Mongol Empire were protected by a guard 10,000 men known as the Keshig, made up of sons and younger brothers of officers, commanders and of rulers who submitted.
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1/ An interesting new article relating to the famous "Mausoleum of Jochi," in Kazakhstan has been released. I always had my suspicions regarding it actually being his tomb (it would be extremely unusual for a Mongol prince before 1300 to not have a hidden burial).
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1/ RAZIYYA SULTAN/ "RAZIA SULTANA," THE FEMALE EMPRESS OF DELHI
Having recently revisited Delhi Sultan Iltutmish (r.1211-1236) it was also fun to redo my depiction of Iltutmish's famous daughter, Raziyya. From 1236-1240, she was ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
1/ ILTUTMISH, SULTAN OF DELHI (r.1211-1236)
After posting about Delhi Sultanate cavalry the other day, I wanted to revisit my depiction of Sultan Iltutmish, 3rd ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, and the individual who turned it on its path to dominate North India in the 1200s.
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Just reread (3rd or 4th time!)
@BretDevereaux
's series on why the Dothraki of Game of Thrones are very, very from representative of peoples of the Eurasian steppes (or American plains!)
His summary at the end of this 4-part series says it succiently
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1/ GUO BAOYU 郭寶玉 AND ROCKET TECHNOLOGY OF THE KHAN
Ignored in many retellings of the Mongol conquests, are the vast numbers of non-nomadic peoples who voluntarily fought for the Khan, including many Chinese-speaking people.
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1/ Törögene Khatun was the empress and widow of Ögedei Khan, who began to run the empire during the final years of her husband’s life, and became regent following his death in 1241. Much of her regency was spent placing her allies into power (and removing those...
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New cover photo. March of Chinggis Khan
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1/ Temür Öljeitü was Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1294-1307. A grandson of Khubilai Khan via his son Jinggim, Temür was the first Great Khan born after the death of the empire’s founder, Chinggis Khan. Temür’s reign saw many continuities with grandfather Khubilai’s...
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1/ MONGOL WOMAN WARRIOR AT MARAGHA, 1221
Ibn al-Athir is one of our key sources on the Mongol invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire. Writing in the 1220s in Mosul, northern Iraq, he was not an eyewitness but a contemporary who received daily reports and rumours of the Mongols
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A rather silly post
@ozbegtin_balasi
showed me yesterday. It's rather "interesting" that Hülegü would look like Chris Hemsworth, when the descriptions we get of his brothers (same mother, same father) all indicate they had typical Mongolian/north east Asian appearances
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Another rare Ilkhanid depiction of a fully armoured heavy cavalry man and horse, from the Kitab-i Samak ‘Iyar, dated to about 1330.
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Groups in the steppes always partook in some agriculture, at least at small scale (and likely predates horse domestication in steppes). Codex Cumanicus for example is full of agricultural terms, and we hear about millets+broths as a common Mongol staple.
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One of the most common depictions in manuscripts of armoured Mongol horsemen is the style of armour we call "qatangqu degel/hatanga degel," meaning "robes as hard as steel," or "steel-hard robes."
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1/ Something that I missed during my "Heavy Cavalry" video series, is that the Secret History of the Mongols and John de Plano Carpini give similar descriptions of Mongol armour thickness.
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1/ CHINGGIS KHAN, PEACE LOVING RHINOS AND OTHER OMENS
Numerous sources attest to the importance the Mongols placed on the ability to identify and interpret omens and natural phenomena. Often done by shamans, but anyone who could do this, could be rewarded by the khan.
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10/ In short: the article is deliberate clickbait, made in 2014 on a satire site, and shared with no or very little changes every year. The tomb of Chinggis Khan has not been found, and likely will never be. And if it ever is, it won't be announced through sites like this.
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Good threat regarding the naming of the Liao Dynasty/Great Khitan state. It is common in many circles to fall into the habit of "oh these conquest dynasties declare themselves as Chinese Dynasties, and now see themself as Chinese states," but the reality is more complex
Le cas des Mongols et de la pseudo-dynastie Yuan 元 n’est pas isolé. Il trouve en fait un exact parallèle dans celui de leurs prédécesseurs, les Khitan, et de la dynastie qu'ils auraient soi-disant fondée en Chine du Nord, les Liao 遼. Là encore, c'est plus complexe. 🧶1/24
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I put together a Chinggisid family tree, from various icons and images I have made in my videos. It's not exhaustive by any means, but just showing which named Chinggisids have appeared in my videos. You can see even see a hint for the next video here as well...
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1/ KHITAN AMBUSH, 10TH-12TH CENTURY MONGOLIA
After the fall of the Uyghur Khaganate in 840, the Mongolian plateau entered a new period. From Xiongnu times through to the Uyghurs, it had been the centre of great empires. After 840, the eastern steppes were a fragmented region...
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1/ Ariq Böke was a younger brother of Möngke Khan, grandson of Chinggis Khan, and a Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260-1264. The youngest son of Tolui and Sorqaqtani Beki, he appears to have shared his mother’s Christianity and lacked his older brother Khubilai's...
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wanted to draw one of the warriors
Veiled woman warriors, from the illustrated Kitab-i-Samak 'Iyar, dated generally to late 14th century, late Ilkhanate/Injuid period. Female ayyars (heroic warriors) apparently feature heavily in the story
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I learned of the Rasulid Hexaglot today; a 14th century dictionary from Yemen containing word lists in Arabic, Persian, Turkic, Greek and Mongolian.
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1/ THE THRONE ROOM OF GREAT KHAN MÖNGKE AND THE SILVER TREE OF QARAQORUM
The throne hall of Qaraqorum is one of our best described parts of the entire city. The most detailed account comes from the Franciscan Friar William of Rubruck, and corroborated by others like Juvaini.
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1/ DISMOUNTED MONGOL ARCHERS
While it is absolutely true that the Mongols and all warriors of the Eurasian steppe preferred to fight from horseback, fighting from foot was done when necessary.
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The Seal of Güyük Khan, 1246.
This is the famous seal of the Great Khans attached to a letter sent to the Pope. Here, three languages are present;
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