C. Kirabo Jackson
@KiraboJackson
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Economist at @sesp_nu , @NorthwesternU Editor-in-chief @AEAjournals PERSONAL ACCOUNT
Chicago, IL
Joined April 2016
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I am delighted to announce that I will take over as lead editor of AEJ: Economic Policy in January 2023.
@AEAjournals
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This is a huge honor and privilege. 🙏🏿
The Council of Economic Advisers is thrilled to welcome C. Kirabo Jackson as its new Member.
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Hey RDDers, it turns out that it is very difficult to see an effect visually that is significant at the 5 percent level. Perhaps we should stop using RD plots to make statistical inference.....
I made a gif (based on simulated data) to illustrate this point.
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A difference in average SAT scores among admitted students IS NOT evidence of preferential treatment or lower standards for any group.
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There are enough students with near perfect SATs to fill these top places. As such, some will be rejected. Anecdotes like these are not evidence of lack or meritocracy (as many have suggested), it's evidence of scarcity.
Kaitlyn Younger applied to five Ivy League schools, plus Stanford and Berkeley, with a 1550 on her SAT. None accepted her.
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My best attempt at explaining how economists can tell correlation from causation with a graphic (slower than my first attempt).
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Credible empirical evidence that traffic tickets can lead to a downward spiral for financially fragile families....The social welfare effects are likely negative. Statistical evidence of something many already beleived to be true.
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Been trying to explain this to students for years... While they are often skeptical, now there is credible evidence that my posting slides only AFTER the lecture is good pedagogical practice.
Giving students access to class slides before class might seem helpful but hurts learning, according to multiple studies & experiments.
Having slides in advance lowers note-taking, attendance, and overall class performance. (Of course, this must be balanced with accommodation)
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States that went all in on tutoring (using high-dosage and regular school day models) such as Illinois recovered much more of the learning losses than others.
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It feels wonderful to be singled out for such an honor. I am super grateful for my excellent colleagues (both at
@sesp_nu
and outside), collaborators, supportive family, and my partner.
Congratulations to IPR fellow and
@sesp_nu
professor
@KiraboJackson
, who was honored with the David N. Kershaw Award by
@APPAM_DC
. The award recognizes distinguished policy research contributions for scholars under 40.
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My paper with Rucker Johnson accepted at
@AEAjournals
(AEJ: Policy). It is the first quasi-experimental evidence that early childhood investments *can* make subsequent investments in poor children more productive.
@heckmanequation
Link:
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This is a really nice paper showing that removing pay history increased wages for blacks and women considerably.
Some people claim there is no systemic discrimination in the US. Our new paper finds that a recent policy change reveals how much institutions have been perpetuating pay inequities. 1/
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Pretty compelling evidence that having children (causally) reduces people's likelihood of committing a crime. True for both mothers and fathers.
What a sweet graph!
It shows the propensity to commit a crime by women leading up to and after having a baby (~50% drop from pre to post). It’s a job market paper by Massenkoff and Rose at Berkeley. Hat tip:
@MargRev
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This is the cleanest and most compelling evidence that students temd to evaluate females and persons of color more harshly for the SAME quality of instruction (i.e., bias). The design rules out pretty much all alternative explanations.
🚨New article alert! 🚨A new experiment by Kerry Chávez &
@KMWMitchell
that varies perceived gender & race/ethnicity of instructor finds that women & POC get lower teaching eval. Here is why this article is important. <thread>
@womenalsoknow
@POCalsoknow
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And here is the moment
@americanacad
So glad I went for my twice annual morning jog, as I ran into
@KiraboJackson
as he was heading to be inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Huge congrats on a well-deserved honor!
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As a rule, if someone says that your writing is unclear, then it is likely unclear. If someone finds your writing misleading, it is probably missleading. Blaming the reader ignores the fact that the whole point of language is to communicate. (of course there are exceptions)
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Excited that my paper titled "School Effects on Socio-emotional Development, School-Based Arrests, and Educational Attainment" has been accepted for publication at American Economic Review: Insights.
@AEAjournals
Huge fan of the short paper + no revision policy!
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The simple explanation I give is that a variance is the average squared distance between observations. With 2 observations we only have 1 deviation.... Thus n observations is really n-1 deviations. One observation is "used up" to form a reference point.
WHY do we divide by n-1 when computing the sample variance?
I've never seen this way of explaining this concept anywhere else.
Read on if you want a completely new way of looking at this.
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Nine credible studies looked at what happened to test scores when capital spending increased for K12 public schools. Most found nothing at first. Only two found stat sig impacts after a few years (left). But *on average* looks like a compelling increase over time (right).
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It is a real honor to have my name included among those of these luminaries (past and present).
Congratulations to the newly elected members of the American Academy! Today we are honored to welcome 261 exceptional individuals - including artists, scholars, scientists, and leaders in the public, non-profit, and private sectors - into the Academy.
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School climate (as measured on surveys) is a very good predictor of school effectiveness (as measured by effects on test scores, survey measures of socio-emotional development, behaviors, interactions with the criminal justice system, and educational attainment).
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I can't stress enough how important it is to "create a knowledge gap" when writing an introduction to a paper. I see so many papers that don't give this crucial "selling point" enough attention.
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Was surprised by the data....but facts are facts.
U.S. military spending as a percent of GDP since the 1950s :
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My advice to students (and junior authors) is to answer these in first three paragraphs.
1: What is topic?
2: Why topic important?
3: What do we NOT know about topic (i.e. holes/flaws in lit)?
4: What unanswered question about topic do you answer (or answer better)? How so?
A common misconception among grad students is that people will read your full paper, giving you 30ish pages of text to make your ideas clear and compelling.
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My goodness, the midwest is flat!
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Paper: Sex ed had no effect on teen's sexual activity or pregnancy, but did increase condom use and reduce STDs.
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I don't receive awards every day...so excuse my small indulgence as I tweet about this :)
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I am increasingly convinced of the value of meta-analysis:
(1) Economists(people) tend to only cite papers by famous people.
(2) Many papers only find significant effects for some subsample (but this key detail is often forgotten by others).
(3) It keeps people honest.
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Today is my first day as a co-editor of AEJ: Economic Policy. Already handling new papers and looking forward to many more!
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Please see the updated gif that is a bit more intuitive.
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Many studies find that elite schools don't improve test scores. In our working paper, we find that this *may* be beucase elite schools provide long-run benefits not measured by test scores.
Summary:
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Flying economy (always): Has anyone ever told you that you look like Usher?
Flying first class (fluke event): Are you Usher?
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We worked on this for a LONG time, and are elated that it found a great home. Check it out!
From Beuermann,
@KiraboJackson
,
@Lnavarrosola
&
@franciscopardop
:
School effects are multidimensional. Effects on test scores are weakly related to effects on crime, teen births, and employment. (1/2)
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Happy to see this important paper in print!
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🚨 Revised paper on multidimensional school effects. (1) effects on test scores are weakly related to effects on crime, pregnancy, and employment. (2) Parents of lower-achievers seem to value effects on non-test outcomes more than on tests and vice versa.
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Free advice on submitting papers. It is important to highlight the unique contribution of your work. The best approach is to highlight a *theoretically-motivated* questions that has not already been resolved. This can be done for most papers if you *know* the extant literature.
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Revised meta-analysis of school spending effects with
@c_mackevicius
. Consistent pos relationship between spending and better outcomes in credibly causal studies. Robust to many modeling decisions, "fixes" for publication bias, and even confounding.
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I often get this question:
"High school students have many teachers. As such, how can one identify individual teacher impacts on outcomes like absences?"
I created this GIF to try to explain it. Once you think about it in this way, it's pretty simple :)
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I will retweet this because many economists (and others) were unaware that the first Black Nobel in economics was awarded several years ago.
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When I teach statistics to undergraduates, I usually start with the old "Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics" quote along with some example of violence with numbers. These past few months I have seen so many obvious distortions with numbers and graphs. This is just the most recent.
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Check out an early draft my promised overview of school spending research conducted in the past 5 years. Overwhelming evidence that money matters on average. However, there is evidence that certain kinds of spending in certain states are less effective.
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In light of the
@KamalaHarris
plan to boost teacher pay relative to comparable other occupations, I wanted to highlight what research says. There is decent evidence to suggest that when the teacher wage premium is larger, student outcomes are better.
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My paper on the effects of introducing single-sex schooling into low-performing schools (on academics, crime, and teen motherhood) is now accepted at the
@J_HumanResource
It uses a Difference-in-Regression-Discontinuity (DiRD) design and finds improvements in all these outcomes
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Both great honors 🙏🏿
Congrats to
@KiraboJackson
, one of nine SESP faculty members recently honored for bringing distinction to
@NorthwesternU
between April 2022 and October 2023.
#Impact
#Influence
#Leadership
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Not to be negative, but approval in general is not the same as approval of it in one's family. There is research on this.
"Americans are in favor of interracial marriage until they are asked about their own family | USAPP"
Gallup: Support for interracial marriage hits an all time high of 94%
On one hand it's great that people have come so far, but it's really sad that it took so long to get there.
The other lesson is that every generation is more accepting of others than the previous one.
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A simple-ish explanation for why the claims that student achievement has not improved in the US is not correct.
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Camden NJ disbanded and INCREASED funding. The outcomes appear to have improved across the board.
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As we enter an economic downturn, my paper with
@cjlwig
and Heyu Xiong on how school spending cuts (during the Great Recession) reduced test scores and college-going was just accepted at AEJ:Policy.
Old version here:
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Black riders were 73 percent more likely than white riders to have a taxi trip cancelled. Uber and Lyfy nearly eliminate the racial-ethnic differences in service quality.
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In my view, plots like this reinforce the idea that (a) we need to pay attention to power, (b) we should stop letting single papers dominate a narrative, and (c) meta-analysis should be a regular and highly valued part of mainstream research.
#EconTwitter
Requiring pre-registration made a dramatic change in the reported outcomes of drug trials
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Nice paper credibly illustrating that what students learn in college matters directly for earnings.
Despite the Varsity Blues scandal, the value of university is not just a name, but also learning, as this clever study shows. A university suddenly lowered credits required by 20%, and students there for the change, w/less education but the same degree, had 10-20% lower wages.
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A nice write up of my new coauthored paper showing the longer-run benefits of schools that improve socioemotional development.
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After watching the debates, I feel like we should have policy experts ask questions rather than journalists. The common question "X said that your plan is bad. Why are they wrong?" is lazy and only generates conflict rather than substantive policy debate.
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My best attempt to show why performance-based pay is more likely to increase teacher quality than blanket pay raises....with an animated GIF.
#edpolicy
@Thomas_S_Dee
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Been beating this drum for years!!!
I (and co-authors) have several papers documenting that test scores miss a lot and that lack of test score effects does not imply no long term benefits.
"How could pre-K have these positive effects without lifting test scores? It seems to improve children’s social and emotional skills and help them mature"
This study and its use in policy debates is a lesson for the research-practice space 1/2
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Using much more detailed genetic data than in the past, new study finds that heritability of educational attainment is only about 17%. Much lower than twin or sibling studies would suggest. My sense is that this may even be an upper bound.
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If anyone claims that "research shows that school spending is unrelated to improved outcomes" tell them that they are dead wrong and then show them all the papers in this overview paper
@EdFuller_PSU
@leoniehaimson
@KiraboJackson
@Alan_Krueger
@jerseyjazzman
In our chat, he characterized
@KiraboJackson
study as insignificant outlier (and only one) showing trivial effects, against (supposed) mountain of evidence to contrary.
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This critique is so blatantly obvious, it boggles my mind that it got published at such a high-profile journal. Not saying it's bad research, just not remotely credible enough for the JPE. Makes you wonder why the editor would look past this....
.
@heckmanequation
and
@sndurlauf
say the Fryer finding that blacks are not more likely to be killed by police isn't credible because of selection. Hope a critique this important can be un-gated! Then I hope everyone updates their priors appropriately.
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I get the impression that the protestors and the looters/vandals are not necessarily the same people with the same agenda.
Nashville is being destroyed right now. Every brick I saw thrown without exception was thrown by white people. This man was yelling at these white people who’d just put horse excrement on a cop car and broke out their windows. He said, ‘they’ll blame us!’
#NashvilleProtest
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UBI in not hypothesized to increase labor market participation. Standard labor models would predict UBI to reduce work. The fact that it didn't is the noteworthy result.... IMHO.
A Finnish experiment in universal basic income suggests it makes people happier, but not inclined to look harder for work
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Study suggests that police killings reduce 911 calls, which then leads to reduced enforcement. This is an interesting and plausible alternative mechanism for an increase in crime following media attention to shootings vs. the one proposed where cops just decide not to work.
A new study co-written by
@PrincetonEcon
asst. prof.
@EDerenoncourt
finds that as police violence increases along with media attention to it, civilians are less likely to call 911 for help. (via
@thecrimereport
)
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Different researchers examining the same data to test the same hypothesis came to different conclusions.
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Most nations that had a lot of slaves celebrate emancipation day. A reasonable question is why it is NOT celebrated in the US.
RT if you think Congress should make Juneteenth a national holiday.
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This may be the most compelling illustration of the asymmetric bias towards negative news stories I have seen.
This is a very striking "hockey stick" graph.
TV coverage starts rising when gas price hits around $3.50.
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I recently gave a lecture summarizing some of my research across various contexts, all showing the importance of looking beyond test scores in evaluation work. It was fun to pull together. A copy of the slides is here.
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Another common myth:
3) Having been a student makes you an expert on education policy.
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@DrJ_Easley
Just do the math. In many states you can have 3 staff per 10 infants. At $200 per week per child for 45 weeks, that's 90,000 per year. Even assuming no rent or overhead that's 30k per staff member. You can mess around with these numbers, but the basic math tells the story.
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Experimental evidence that arts education improves literacy and compassion in kids. This result is important!!
New: Large-scale experiment shows that students in Houston benefitted from expanded arts education — higher writing scores, more compassionate perspectives, and lower discipline rates
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Teacher impacts on non-cognitive skills predict future success better than their impacts on test scores.
Check out the Education Next (non-technical) version of my work looking at teachers' impact on noncognitive skills.
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That is amazing. Take a picture of an equation and it is instantly converted into LaTeX!!!!
With the Mathpix app, you can convert actual images of math to LaTeX:
Just take a screenshot of the math equations and paste into your editor, all with a single keyboard shortcut.
It also works with hand-written equations(!)
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The question is not whether blacks are suspended more than whites. It is also not whether family background can explain some of the gap. The relevant question (for fairness) is whether blacks and whites are treated differently for the same offence.
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The title doctor was first used for PhD holders, NOT medical doctors. Just stating facts here.
.
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So glad to see a consensus being created. The fact that nobody denies the basic facts anymore (that money matters) is considerable progress.
Does more money help schools? Most studies say yes, according to a new summary.
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Every parent in the US knows that the economy will not come back until schools and childcare are back in full swing. It is so obvious, yet not really discussed.
Child care needs of employed (esp. single) parents is a major problem that deserves more attention from policymakers:
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If you have any strong PHD students who might want to spend a year working at the white house (an invaluable experience IMHO), please encourage them to apply to the CEA.
More information is available here:
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General rule: spend each hour on project with highest marginal value of time. R&R at a top journal, followed by less complete work, and so on. For projects at similar stages, work on the one that makes most important contribution. Usually have ~4 going at once (some under review)
Many junior scholars struggle with managing a research pipeline. I know I sometimes do.
So
#AcademicTwitter
, how do you do manage your pipeline?
How many projects are you working on at one time?
How do you know if you have too many/too few projects?
Other tips that you have?
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I ran a simple simulation to illustrate a serious flaw in the approach used by
@JohnRLottJr
to test for voter fraud. I summarise it here....it is essentially about selection on the outcome.
His approach is prone to *mechanically* find "evidence" of irregularities.
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For the school spending skeptics.
@ProfRucker
and I show that *even among siblings* if the younger child was exposed to more school spending due to a school finance reform they have better adult outcomes. That's compelling!
@jaypgreene
@matt_barnum
@EricHanushek
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"Ten years post-Ph.D., roughly 90% of our Ph.D. grads are done publishing." A very successful economist once told me that they no longer publish because they no longer want to (or have to) deal with the review process.
My answer to How did you deal with brutal referee reports in your early career?
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Many are skeptical that capital spending matters for students.
Summary of older papers shows it does
However, this impressive new study by
@BarbaraBiasi
and others provides compelling evidence of benefits for low-income kids.
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As my sister in Germany has returned to regular life with minimal risk and we are still in a state of limbo, I have to ask why the US is in such bad shape compared to EU. It is pretty clear that the US screwed it up.
The population of the US is 330 million
The population of the EU is 446 million
[source ]
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Just finished a working draft of a paper looking at school effects on socio-emotional development (SED). Uses value-added models (liked by economists) on self-reported measures of SED (liked by psychologists) to identify effects.
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School choice can lead to bad outcomes if parents don't have good information. The ill effects of a voucher program in Louisiana are large.
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There is an increasing number of credible studies showing that increasing education spending improves child outcomes. Four more studies to add to that list. (not saying that it is the *only* policy lever, just that it is indeed a lever)
Late last year I wrote up
@KiraboJackson
's literature review showing money for schools improves academic outcomes. Now, we can add four more studies to the list — and the results are quite similar
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It is such an honor to be singled out for this award. I am so grateful for the excellent support from
@IPRatNU
Congratulations to IPR fellow and
@sesp_nu
professor
@KiraboJackson
, who was honored with the David N. Kershaw Award by
@APPAM_DC
. The award recognizes distinguished policy research contributions for scholars under 40.
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Clever paper, depressing result. They edit trial video to randomize defendant race and show it to people. On average, minorities receive harsher sentence recommendations.
WP Bielen; Marneffe; Mocan. Shot video of actual trials. Used digital editing tools to alter race so that they can show people the same trial and randomize race. Pretty cool.
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Given all the talk about black males in economics, I thought it worthwhile to point to Arthur Lewis who won the Nobel in economics in 1979....and is a black man.
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Delighted this (w/
@c_mackevicius
) is forthcoming at AEJ: Applied! It has evolved over time and we hope it helps inform and frame policy debates around the benefits of increased school spending. I learned a ton about meta-analysis during this project.
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This is what happens when people let ideology override facts and logic. Despite having large Twitter followings, these are not scholars nor experts.
Economists: there is little relationship between student performance and school resources. "That shouldn’t surprise anyone. Pouring more money into the same broken system won’t fix the deeper problem--government monopolies have weak incentives to" perform.
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Kudos to these journalists! They legit used a natural experiment and a diff-in-diff design to identify the effect of visitor bans on drug seizures in prison. It's an interesting read and a model for what journalism on policy impacts should look like.
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Credible evidence that more light meaningfully reduces robberies.
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I actually refused to water a friend's flowers for fear of exactly this situation. I don't even go into my neighbors yard to get my kid's balls.
A Black pastor was watering his neighbor's flowers while they were out of town. Then the police showed up — and arrested and charged him.
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Delighted that "Who Benefits From Attending Effective High Schools?" with Sebastian Kiguel, Shanette C Porter, John Q Easton has just been accepted for publication in the Journal of Labor Economics.
WP version:
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For young policy scholars who worry that our work only matters to those in academia, know that it CAN influence the policy conversation (and hopefully outcomes as a result).
.
@rosadelauro
hits back at DeVos by saying that 2018 research by
@KiraboJackson
shows that school spending does matter and has mattered to student achievement.
"The data is overwhelming," DeLauro says.
Jackson's research:
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"School Effects on Socio-emotional Development" is now forthcoming at AER: Insights.
@AEAjournals
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