Gad Barnea
@gbarnea
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PhD; Lecturer @UofHaifa , BEST @EBAFJerusalem ; AsscFRHS; Epigraphy; Qumran; “Yahwism under the Achaemenid Empire”; Semitic & Iranian linguistics; Zoroastrianism.
@gbarnea.bsky.social
Joined June 2007
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Sir Henry Rawlinson studying the Behistun inscription. Notice the dimensions. Archeology/epigraphy on the edge (literally)… it’s a miracle he survived!
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@LNivisonSmith
This might be “effective” in a corporate setting but it is a terrible way to supervise a thesis, IMHO. It is not for nothing that the supervisor is called “Doktorvater/mutter” in German... That is the correct attitude. If the supervisor has no time-don’t supervise.
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Visited the "hunger stele" today on the island of Soheil south of Elephantine. Getting there requires some hiking up a sandy hill surrounded by a maze of hieroglyphic petroglyphs from various periods - most of which are dedicated to the local triad: Khnum, Satet and Anuket.
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The Achaemenid empire and Zoroastrianism
I often run into the wide gulf that exists between what biblical/ANE scholars believe & the current positions of most Iranists on the topic. TL;DR - it can hardly be denied that the Achaemenids practiced some form of Zoroastrianism. 1/20
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The systematic erasure and ignorance (conscient or not) of ancient Iranian history/cultures/languages, etc. in the humanities (outside of Iranian studies, obvs.) is truly mind boggling. I literally encounter this every day.
The more I study this phenomenon, the more I am
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Proofs!... Expected publication date has been advanced to Oct. 21st.
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A Jewish priestess in ancient Rome (Monteverde catacomb).
The 3rd / 4th century C.E. marble plaque has evident Jewish symbols of a Menorah and what looks like a Torah ark next to it. The inscription reads: "Here lies Gaudentia, priestess (ιερισ[σ]α), 24 years (old), in peace
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@haspelmath
The mental picture is somewhat more complex than this - at least for me. As a multilingual (more than two) I actually often have a term or an idiom subconsciously pop up in my mind in one language, while I am speaking another language - just because it is a better fit for a given
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Excited to report that my article "Yahwistic Identity in the Achaemenid period" has just been published on the ZAW website.
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Yes. BTW, the Yahwistic/Jewish assimilation of Zeus to Yhw(h) had a long history - long before to the events surrounding Antiochus IV and, of course, later attempts at imposing the Zeus-cult (which might have been related to these pre-existing cultic trends). It appears that
@gbarnea
@qumranqu
@AdlerYonatan
Oh waw, I never realized it was the Jewish uprising that caused the destruction of the Zeus temple in Cyrene; I was just talking about that building yesterday! The learning never stops :)
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Overjoyed to announce that our book now has its very own landing page (scheduled release date: November 4, 2024):
For the TOC, see
Barnea, Gad and Kratz, Reinhard. Yahwism under the Achaemenid Empire: Professor Shaul Shaked in
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This is exquisite - I highly recommend Joseph Naveh and Shaul Shaked's "Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria" —esp. to those interested in the latter days of the Achaemenid empire.
For
#TriviaTuesday
today we’re sharing one of our Aramaic Documents. Among the treasures of the Khalili Collections a special place is occupied by the collection of 48 Aramaic documents from Ancient Bactria.
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Samaritan script found in Sicily and dated to the 2nd c. BCE (around the time of the Delos inscriptions, which are in Greek).
The text reads what seems to be a broken version of:
Num 10:35 קומה יהוה ויפצו איב[יך]
“Rise up YHWH may your enemies be scattered.”
Orsi, Paolo "Gli
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Not going to mention names - but over the past few months, I have read a number of fantastic and truly important new contributions by top-notch historians of the ancient Near East that brilliantly and cautiously analyzing the various ancient sources with excellent methodology and
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Proofs!.. in this article I argue that the Elephantine Yahwists arrived at the First Cataract (first to Syene and then to the island of Elephantine) under the reign of Amasis II - i.e. around 550-540 BCE.
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Some more hieroglyphic petroglyphs from yesterday’s hike up to the “hunger stele” in Soheil island. There are literally hundreds of these around.
The island was apparently a favorite staging ground for armies of various Pharaohs on the way to Nubian campaigns. It is relatively
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Biblical Hebrew texts cannot be dated linguistically (CBH/LBH etc.). Except for a few very rare cases, it just doesn’t hold water. We have way too little extra-biblical Hebrew to compare with and staying only within the corpus leads inevitably to circular reasoning.
What language opinion gets you this reaction?
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A seal-impression from Persepolis showing haoma preparation utensils at the center (pestle & mortar); A man (prob. *not* a priest) with a piece of cloth over the mouth (to avoid contaminating the fire) holding barsom-twigs; A three-stepped fire-altar, and a Faravahar on top.
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Some positive news: my article "Yahwistic Identity in the Achaemenid period," has been accepted (with no revisions) at ZAW.
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One of the most interesting variations of the Achaemenid-era stamp impressions from Judah is the one with the lion with a sun-disk over his head. This seems to be a representation of YHWH as a warrior god, a lion. We find echoes of this image of the deity in the Bible as well.
The use of stamp seals by Judah to pay tribute to foreign powers lasted some 600 years. Learn a bit about that history here.
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This also happened... I am delighted to announce that I have signed with
@Palgrave
(editor:
@CarlyASilver
) to work on a comprehensive history of the Yahwists of Elephantine—covering all known aspects of the colony: from archeology to cult; from the legal context to the role of
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Achaemenid Zoroastrianism seriously influenced Yahwism.
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A modern adaptation of the Faravahar
The Mazda car company's name, according to their website "comes from Ahura Mazda, the god of harmony, intelligence and wisdom from the earliest civilization in West Asia." They go on to explain that "key members of Toyo Kogyo interpreted
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On dating biblical texts based on linguistics*
In recent years, there has been a point of debate between philologists and exegetes regarding the dating of various biblical texts by linguistic classification. This method is highly problematic and rests on very shaky ground,
Biblical Hebrew texts cannot be dated linguistically (CBH/LBH etc.). Except for a few very rare cases, it just doesn’t hold water. We have way too little extra-biblical Hebrew to compare with and staying only within the corpus leads inevitably to circular reasoning.
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It seems that AnatYhw ענתיהו of Elephantine fame (TADAE B7.3) might have had a pretty long afterlife. We find this deity's name on this 3rd or 4th c. CE amulet (on the side) where he-she is addressed specifically as a deity: ἐξορκιζω θεὸν Ἐναθιάω Φαβαθαλλον Βαβλαιαιαω Θαλαχ
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Open Access!
Muraoka, Takamitsu (2023). Wisdom of Ben Sira. Leuven, Paris, Bristol: Peeters Publishers.
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A little something for Purim:
The Persian king from the book of Esther is called Ahasuerus (Ahašweroš).
In Greek, the name is Xerxes (Xérxēs) - deriving from the Achaemenid throne-name which in Old Persian is spelled x-š-y-a-r-š-a (i.e., Xšaya-ṛšā “ruling over heroes”).
In
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An archeologist friend of mine sent me this picture of an ostracon that was just found in the Shikmona excavations... It is a real game changer!! What looks like insect-droppings to the untrained eye, is in fact a fragment of a receipt given to the biblical Joshua for the
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The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (835 BCE) records at least two firsts and they concern Israel and Persia:
1. The first dated extra-biblical mention of a biblical character "Yaua of Bit Omri" ("Jehu of the House of Omri," king of Israel) and the only physical depiction of a
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I had a great time sharing my research with Neal (
@Gnosticinforman
) in what turned out to be a very lengthy, enjoyable, and lively discussion... Neal also did an **outstanding** job editing this video! It is now on YouTube.
I understand that a sensational(ist) title is needed
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I took this photo this morning in the Egyptian museum in Cairo. This is the funerary stele of Djedherbès which was found in Saqqara in 1994. It dates to the first Achaemenid rule in Egypt and shows an unusual winged sun-disk which refers to the Fravahr and in the bottom left
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The Bible.
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"Yahwism under the Achaemenid empire" (Prof. Shaul Shaked in memoriam)
Dear friends & colleagues,
I am thrilled to finally publicly announce our upcoming conference: "Yahwism under the Achaemenid empire."
University of Haifa | 20-22.12.2022
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Speaking of the old legend of the “waters under Elephantine” being the source of the annual flood, it turns out this story evolved and lives on. Local elders told me that the water from under the well near the entrance to the museum here (image below) is the source for all the
Visited the "hunger stele" today on the island of Soheil south of Elephantine. Getting there requires some hiking up a sandy hill surrounded by a maze of hieroglyphic petroglyphs from various periods - most of which are dedicated to the local triad: Khnum, Satet and Anuket.
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I'm so tired of this. A documentary called "The Entire History of the Persian Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC)" begins with an ominous voice set to dramatic martial music proclaiming: "in the year 480 BC war came to Greece..." That's all that really matters for the Euro-centrists.
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My article "Dating Amos' Oracles against the Nations: Metaphors of Neo-Assyrian Campaigns" is finally out today! It was accepted almost 2.5 years ago (!)...
By now, I have enough material for a follow-up article, which I will get to at some point in 2024.
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I’m in Chania, Crete, in the beautiful archeological museum… There’s a whole collection of “curse tablets” here… 😎 these look practically identical to the “mt Ebal object” and are simply lead weights used for fishing nets, which were also used in burials. H/t Amihai Mazar (in
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@tzvisuccot
אתה מעיז לדבר? זה הרי בגללך, ובגלל ערלות הלב שלך ושל חבריך סוכני הכאוס המשיחיים ההזויים שמוכנים לעוות את המציאות, שמנצלים בציניות את ההיסטוריה (האמיתית והמומצאת) של עמם - אך ורק בשביל לגזול אדמות, להתסיס, להתריס ולהטיף לעליונות גזע, שגדודים שלמים הוסטו מעוטף עזה רק כדי לשמור
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Proofs! very excited about this contribution to the forthcoming volume Qumran and the New Testament, ed. Jörg Frey, BETL; Leuven: Peeters, 2024.
This paper reviews evidence for the symbolic as well as the administrative use of seals from Assyrian and Babylonian sources to
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Delighted to finally see my JNES article "The Migration of the Elephantine Yahwists under Amasis II" in the wild. I thank the editors
@ChicagoJournals
who did an outstanding job on this!
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For tomorrow's International Women's Day, here's a hat tip to the anonymous woman from Elephantine who served as a priestess in the Yhw temple 2,500 years ago and even commanded the deity!
#InternationalWomensDay2024
#InternationalWomensDay
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JPost reports today on a set of three articles in IEJ that utterly destroy the "Mt. Ebal inscription" nonsense.
One is by Aren Maeir and Christopher Rollston who show that an inscription on this object is "problematic at best, and perhaps even non-existent." The second is by
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My most recent published article is now open-access!
Barnea, Gad. "Yahwistic Identity in the Achaemenid period" Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, vol. 136, no. 1, 2024, pp. 1-14.
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Samaritan Yahwism in the 3rd c. CE: a fascinating coin from Nablus (Neapolis) during the reign of Philip Senior (3rd c. CE).
Meshorer (reference below) proposes in an article from 2002 that "[t]he figure standing on the left raising his hand in a salute is that of Zeus
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I was delighted to participate in this event in Haifa last night. I feel infused with hope and am energized by it. Even—and especially—in these dark times, the only way forward is solidarity, dialogue and the construction, in partnership, of a vision of life together.
Good news are not common these days. But here is one! Jewish and Palestinian citizens of Israel show solidarity with one another at a local mosque in Haifa. A glimpse of hope in a sea of madness.
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First impressions of the Mt. Ebal "curse tablet" article
It's a disgrace. With all the fluff around it, the only thing that really matters are the images of the "text." If these are compelling, the rest will also come into consideration. Unfortunately, they are not.
While the
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The "dream stele" of Tanutamun (at the Nubian museum) where he claims to have restored the temples in Egypt and describes his dream of reuniting Egypt following the Assyrian occupation under Ashurbanipal. He eventually fled from Memphis and then from Thebes down to Gabel Barkal
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Digital Humanities is broken
<rant>
Judging from personal experience with DH sites (I did not do an actual statistical study on this) - more than 9 times out of ten, the sites were obviously architected, designed and implemented by folks with no actual industry experience. Folks
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Some photos from the excavations on the mainland in Aswan… some of the lower layers here are from Achaemenid times but most are later (mostly Roman)… the main site of the excavation is inaccessible unfortunately.
Most of ancient Syene lies below the modern city and therefore
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My article "Some Achaemenid Zoroastrian Echoes in Early Yahwistic Sources" is now forthcoming in Iran (the journal..). It covers much of what I presented in the "Yahwism under the Achaemenid empire" conference in Dec.
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Now that all of the contributions to our volume “Yahwism under the Achaemenid Empire (Prof. Shaul Shaked in memoriam)” have been submitted and undergone the first phase of editing, I am delighted to present the table of contents for this forthcoming book (2024).
Stay tuned for
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All the videos from the "Yahwism under the Achaemeid Empire" conference are not also available on our new Youtube channel for a better viewing experience. Don't forget to subscribe!.. 🙃
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A sneak preview of the new museum in Tel-Lachish that is not yet open to the public... We weren't able to see past the entrance - but notice the Lamassu statues at the entrance... I assume it give a hint as to what's inside, but with some of these museums, you can never know...
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A treasure trove of digitized texts and lexica too few people know about. For my field of research, I especially appreciate its Avestan, Old-Persian (+OP cuneiform) and Pahlavi resources!
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Thank you for this thread!.. The Behistun text was certainly popular among Yahwists. It was found at Elephantine (in a modified version) and the scroll from Qumran that I am preparing for publication (4Q550), has a clear paraphrase of the most famous passage from Behistun (which
Who just finished a book chapter on how the shape of Ezra-Nehemiah is governed by the narrative of the Behistun Inscription of Darius I? <points thumbs at self> This guy. So what the heck, here's a short thread on the argument. 1/
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A photo of a reproduction of a meroitic inscription from my visit to the Nubian museum in Aswan today. There’s much work still to be done to understand this language.
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Confirmed that this will be open-access this July.
Proofs! very excited about this contribution to the forthcoming volume Qumran and the New Testament, ed. Jörg Frey, BETL; Leuven: Peeters, 2024.
This paper reviews evidence for the symbolic as well as the administrative use of seals from Assyrian and Babylonian sources to
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Exciting!.. the first steps at deciphering a previously unknown Middle Iranian language...
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There’s not enough 🤦 in the universe…
Historically documented evidence shows Joshua ben Nun and the ancient Israelites, freed from Egyptian slavery, entered Jericho and established their independence in the Land of Israel.
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Video recordings of all the sessions and papers given at the "Yahwism under the Achaemenid empire" conference are now available at: (I will follow this up with a video highlight per paper in the coming days).
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It was a distinct pleasure to share my research on the development of Yahwism in the Achaemenid period and in the longue durée at Göttingen as part of a "doctoral colloquium" there—and especially the lively discussion that followed... Thanks to Prof. Reinhard Kratz for the
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It turns out I do have some exciting news to share. My article "Justice at the House of Yhw(h): an Early Yahwistic Defixio in Furem" has been accepted for publication.
Abstract
What was the nature of ritual in ancient Yahwism? Although biblical sources provide some
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Received this wonderful tome in the mail today. I'm humbled to have been asked by the author to review it and I look forward to spending quality time with it.⚡️
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<venting>
Why do certain academic journals take soooooo long to publish articles? I have an article that was **accepted** at a well-known journal two years ago. Proofs have been ready and approved for **months** and still no sign of it coming out. This article represents the
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I thoroughly enjoyed presenting my paper "2nd Isaiah and Achaemenid-Zoroastrianism: context, content and confluence" today at the "Indomitable Optimism: Isaiah 40-66 and the Return to Zion in their Ancient Near Eastern Context" conference at Bar Ilan University.
The full
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Absence of evidence is __ evidence of absence? 🧵
For us historians—esp. historians of antiquity—dealing with absence of evidence where such evidence would be expected, is part of daily life. This is particularly germane to the field biblical studies.
The all-too-common
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I'm adding the first page of the draft I submitted for anyone interested.
One of the more unexpected and fascinating outcomes of my research here is that "by the fifth century BCE, the Yhwdy label was, contrary to scholarly consensus, an ethno- religious identifier that defined
Some positive news: my article "Yahwistic Identity in the Achaemenid period," has been accepted (with no revisions) at ZAW.
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The new JANER is out! Special mention of Tawny Holm's excellent article "Bethel and Yahō: A Tale of Two Gods in Egypt"!
New issue of Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions Vol. 23, No. 1 (2023)
@Brill_Religious
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(...very long time in the making...) Finally—Proofs! (Revue Biblique, forthcoming)
A rare case where I venture into the murky waters of dating a biblical text. 😨
IMHO, dating a biblical text should be limited to the smallest unit of text that can be dated using extra-biblical
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It took a while, but the actual (i.e. non pre-pub) version of my article "Interpretatio Ivdaica in the Achaemenid Period" is finally available...
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"Interpretatio Ivdaica in the Achaemenid Period" is back online. I hope to have it OA soon.
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Stumbled across this delightful old book in my library: Samaritan Grammar by G. F. Nichols (1858).
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The Shahname ("book of kings") is an epic poem that is well over twice as long as the Hebrew Bible. I highly recommend it... One of my favorite quotes, from the story of Rostam and Sohrab: "Oh, World! How strange your workings are! From you / Comes both what's broken and what's
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A new TOI article on the three-pronged takedown of the "Mt. Ebal inscription" nonsense. As I wrote previously, this serious and comprehensive scientific rebuttal will satisfy the academic community but will do nothing to change the minds of the fundamentalists and their cronies.
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Coming out of my coccon to share some good academic news in these dark days...
I'm beyond excited to announce that my article "Justice at the House of Yhw(h): An Early Yahwistic Defixio in Furem" is now out in open-access!
#mdpireligions
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Photo of the late great Prof. Shaul Shaked, which we placed right before the preface to our book. His groundbreaking research, rigor, and personality inspired a generation of scholars, and all we are doing is following in his footsteps. May his memory be a blessing!
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Just got an update this morning that my review of Reinhard G. Kratz and Bernd U. Schipper, eds., Elephantine in Context: Studies on the History, Religion and Literature of the Judeans in Persian Period Egypt will be out in JSJ 55.1 in early 2024.
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Had the privilege of visiting Mesad Hashavyahu today - a rare treat since it’s in an Air Force base… For the guide it was absolutely evident that the famous ostracon found there proves knowledge of Ex 22 & the biblical Sabbath.. we ended up having a nice discussion about reading
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Zoroastrianism and the Achaemenid empire (the sequel)
The importance of having a dialogue between various disciplines is that it forces us to more accurately and critically reconsider our assumptions. Being one foot in biblical/ANE-studies and another in Iranian studies, 1/25
The Achaemenid empire and Zoroastrianism
I often run into the wide gulf that exists between what biblical/ANE scholars believe & the current positions of most Iranists on the topic. TL;DR - it can hardly be denied that the Achaemenids practiced some form of Zoroastrianism. 1/20
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in any of their royal inscriptions either, yet no one would doubt that they were Zoroastrian. As we now know, the data supporting some form of early-Zoroastrianism by the Achaemenid kings is decisive—from the inscriptions, from Persepolis and from personal documents. 5/20
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The main push-back against regarding the Achaemenids as Zoroastrian was the fact that they do not mention Zarathustra. However, almost all non-administrative material we have from the Achaemenids is limited to the royal inscriptions—& the Sasanians did not mention Zaraθustra 4/20
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More on ancient Jewish/Yahwistic priestesses:
A question that always comes up is whether the designation is a title (i.e., actively serving as a priestess) or a label (i.e., "belonging to [a priestly family/wife of a priest]").
This often reflects different forms of bias:
A Jewish priestess in ancient Rome (Monteverde catacomb).
The 3rd / 4th century C.E. marble plaque has evident Jewish symbols of a Menorah and what looks like a Torah ark next to it. The inscription reads: "Here lies Gaudentia, priestess (ιερισ[σ]α), 24 years (old), in peace
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Apparently, Xerxes' inscription (XE) at ancient Ecbatana (near the waterfall at Gandj Nameh / Hamadan) was damaged by firecrackers recently... (the one on the top left is Darius I's (DE) and the one on the bottom right - with the damage - is Xerxes').
Hopefully, this can be
اینکه تو چهارشنبه سوری با ترقه زدن به کتیبه هخامنشی همدان و پل خواجوی اصفهان واقعا درد آور ترین اتقاق ممکنه!
چرا ما همچین ملتی هستیم واقعا!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Barnea, G. (2024 forthcoming). The Seven-Sealed Scroll in Practice, Legend and Theology: From imperial administration and Qumran to the book of Revelation. Qumran and the New Testament. J. Frey. Leuven, Peeters.
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Elephantine insights for the new week
I am now certain that ostracon TADAE D7.24 which is particularly important because it contains the term (b)psḥ' has thus far been read in the wrong order. It should be read convex-to-concave rather than the other way around.
First,
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Judean Diaspora and Biblical Texts in Achaemenid Egypt, August 19-20, 2024 (University of Copenhagen)
Looking forward to this exciting conference in Copenhagen this summer & reconnecting with friends...
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My $.02 on the current JRB debate between
@Malka_Simkovich
and
@AdlerYonatan
.
This debate is endemic to many similar current debates in academia, and I believe that certain distinctions must be established. Here we have two leading and well-respected scholars representing both
This morning, the Jewish Review of Books published Dr. Yonatan Adler's response to my review of his book, The Origins of Judaism, in their most recent Winter issue, as well as my response. The core of our debate concerns how we select particular methods to define Jews and
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Recently published (July 2023)
Ezra: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (Tamara Cohn Eskenazi)
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Yonatan, I 100% agree with the substance of your position and I appreciate the actions you have led vis-à-vis professional organizations such as ASOR and SBL very much. I also fully understand and share your outrage and the disbelief at some of the positions we see some of our
@MattThiessenNT
My reaction did not arise "in a vacuum".
The background is a huge number of colleagues who (at best!) see no difference between the deliberate slaughter of civilians in the most barbarous of ways vs. military actions to defend civilians from this very same barbarism.
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I hope this post helps clarify the current positions.
Thanks to the work undertaken by the likes of Heidemarie Koch, Clarisse Herrenschmidt in the 1970's and 80's & later by Jean Kellens, Bruce Lincoln, Prods Oktor Skjærvø, Ab de Jong and others, over the past few decades, 2/20
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Thrilled that my paper "Qumran Persianisms: Qumran literature at the border between the Greco-Roman world and the Parthian empire" has been accepted for the Qumran unit @ SBL! See y'all in San Antonio!
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Image from the excavation of Erich Schmidt. The discovery of DPh : Gold and silver tablets from the Apadana in Persepolis.
"Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid.
King Darius says: This is the kingdom which I hold, from the
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A (serious) pet peeve that I've seen time and again: A scholar proposes some fringe and speculative theory in an article. A few years later, they then produce or are invited to contribute to a reference work (e.g. an encyclopedia or a "companion to..."). They then proceed to
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