Reuven Goldstein
@curatorWH
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Rabbi of Congregation Am Echad and Curator of The Witness to History Collection.
Joined April 2023
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Bevis Marks Synagogue is the oldest Synagogue in the UK, completed in 1701. Queen Anne presented an oak beam from one of the Royal navy’s ships to be incorporated in the roof of the building.
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The Ets Haim in Amsterdam is the oldest functioning Jewish library in the world. It was founded in 1616 and has been housed in the Synagogue of the Spanish Portuguese Jewish community since 1675.
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This small well used prayer book belonged to a Jewish man living in England in the late 1100s. It’s one of the earliest preserved texts of its kind in Northern Europe.The siddur is thought to have been made in England or Northern France. Located in the Oxford college Library.
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The earliest historical reference to gefuelten heshden (stuffed pike) Gefilte fish, comes from Daz Buoch von Guoter Spise (The Book of Good Food) a German cooking manuscript from year 1345. The original manuscript is located in the library of Munich.
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Rabbi in front of the wooden synagogue of Jablonow, Poland. Painted by Isidor Kaufman in the 19th century.
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Selichot prayer manuscript, in Hebrew. Discovered in 1908 in the Dunhuang Caves of Gansu Province, China, estimated from the 8th to 9th century. Now held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, in Paris.
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Below the printing plate used for the monumental Tanach printed by the Soncino family in 1492 .The plates are in the Soncino historic printing press and museum in Soncino, Italy. And the Tanach is housed in the Bodleian library at Oxford.
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The Spanish Synagogue is the largest and most well known Synagogue in the Venetian ghetto. Founded by the Jews who were expelled from the Iberian peninsula in the 1490s. It was a Clandestine Synagogue, concealed within a building that gave no appearance being a house of worship.
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A 1666 letter by members of the Yeshuot Meshicho society of Amsterdam to hail Shabtai Tzvi as Messiah. Housed in the historic Ets Haim library in Amsterdam.
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The Portuguese Synagogue is one of the most important legacies of the vibrant Jewish community of Amsterdam. During the 16th and 17th century, Jews facing persecution in Spain and Portugal fled to Amsterdam for its religious tolerance.
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Girona has one of the best preserved Jewish quarters in Europe. It was home to 1,000 Jewish inhabitants during the Middle Ages,making it one of the most important Jewish communities in Spain. Remains were found of the Mikvah of Girona that was used prior to the expulsion of 1492.
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In 2013 a Torah in the collection of the University of Bologna library was carbon dated to between year 1155 and 1225. Making it the oldest Torah scroll known to exist. The University of Bologna founded in 1088, is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world.
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In New York's Lower East Side during the 19th century Jews took to drinking soda water“Jewish Champagne”, It was the cheapest beverage on the market,and the water was often unsafe. Seltzer is the Yiddish version of Seltsers, a small town in Germany known for its mineral water.
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Built in 1367, Carpentras Synagogue is one of the oldest synagogues in France, near Avignon in southeastern France. Fleeing persecution in thirteenth-century France, many Jews sought pontifical protection in Carpentras, which was controlled by the Avignon papacy at this time.
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A manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud preserved in the Bavarian State Library, is the only manuscript extant from the Middle Ages which contains the text of the Babylonian Talmud almost in its entirety. The manuscript was completed in France in 1342.
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A Chumash manuscript from the year 1530 in Yiddish, written in Southern Germany. Located in the Bavarian State Library in Munich, an early example of Yiddish as it was spoken in its birthplace in Germany.
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Written in cursive Italian Hebrew script in 1467, this Sefer Tehillim is a prime example of the extremely fine decoration of Florentine style in the 15th century. Located in the Beinecke Rare Book and
Manuscript Library at Yale University.
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The towns of Mainz, Speyer, and Worms were important centers for Jewish learning and cultural life in medieval Europe. In the 9th and 10th centuries Jewish communities thrived on the Rhine Valley where Charlemagne and successive rulers welcomed Jews to settle.
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The Synagogue of Padua, Italy was built in the year1584. The only one that still remains, from the several that flourished in the university town of Padua, during the Renaissance.
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The Rothschild Family at Prayer by Moritz Daniel Oppenheim.
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The Plymouth Synagogue is the oldest Askenazic Shul in continuous use in England,dating back to 1762. In the early 1700’s, economic and trading opportunities brought Jews to Plymouth from Alsace,Rhineland and Bohemia.
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Renovation on a bookshop in Guildford, England revealed a stunning medieval chamber, forgotten beneath the ground for some 700 years. Archaeologists have identified it as a Synagogue dating back to year 1180. The oldest Synagogue remains in the British Isles.
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The Sefer Haminhagim printed in Amsterdam in 1723 is iconic for its woodcut illustrations. It gives us a snapshot of Jewish life in Amsterdam and beyond during this period. My favorite is the Lag B’omer illustration of the Dutch barbershop.
@jckamsterdam
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Also known as the Old Synagogue, the Dubrovnik Synagogue in Croatia, is the oldest Sephardic Synagogue still in use today. Established in 1352, it’s also one of the oldest Synagogues in all of Europe. Located in the area that was once the Jewish ghetto.
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Alphonse Lévy grew up in a village in Alsace. He moved to to Paris at age seventeen to study art. His best known work’s are portrayals of the rural Jewish community he knew as a child. Below his moving painting from 1883 entitled “Evening Prayer”
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The Worms Machzor is one of the most important sources for information on German Jewish life in the Middle Ages, and one of the oldest Ashkenazi manuscripts in existence. The 13th century prayer book was used on high holidays by the cantors of Worms for more than 650 years.
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“Asleep in the synagogue” by Jacob Isaac Meyer de Haan, Amsterdam 1879.
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The British Library holds one of the world's most important collection of Hebrew manuscripts, 300 of them are extremely rare illuminated manuscripts.
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A rare Alef Bet Primer chart from 13th century Germany. Found in the back of an ancient Hebrew manuscript. Housed in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
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Another wonderful illustration from the Birds Head Haggadah from year 1300,created in the upper Rhine region of Germany. Also seems to be the first recorded selfie in a Matzah bakery.
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The New York public library opened its doors in 1911. Its revolutionary layout with eight levels below the main reading room the equivalent of 125 miles of shelving, and over 4 million books. Below a stunning Bomberg Mishnayos printed in 1521, part of their Judaic collection.
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A very rare Yiddish book of customs printed in Venice in 1600. Featuring woodcuts of Jewish life in Renaissance Italy, sold at Sotheby’s this past month. For over four hundred years the book of Minhagim was printed from Amsterdam to Venice to Warsaw and Kiev.
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The burial site of Mordechai and Esther, is located in the Iranian city of Hamadan. Hamadan is believed by many to be the site of the city of Shushan in the Book of Esther. Benjamin of Tudela, the famed 12th century Jewish explorer took note of the site in his book of travels.
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Titled as the oldest Jewish prayer book, it dates back to the year 840, to the Geonic period in Babylon. Part of the Green Collection, a vast collection of biblical artifacts owned by the founders of Hobby Lobby.
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Vereshchagin’s “Painting of two Jews” 1884. Vereshchagin attended the St. Petersburg Academy and studied in Paris. Devoting his life to travel, he acquired subjects for paintings from on the spot impressions.
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In the seventeenth century, Hamburg printer George Greflinger published an influential newspaper called the "Nordischer Mercurius" The longest news report on Shabbatai Tzvi is from the Nordischer Mercurius on May 11, 1666.
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The first Jewish ghetto was in Frankfurt, Germany. But the Venetian Ghetto was so unique in its urban shape that it became the model for all subsequent Jewish quarters. The word “ghetto” originated in Venice, from the copper foundry that existed there called the giotto.
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A whimsical Tashlich pamphlet from 1909 with the iconic Brooklyn Bridge in the background. Soon after the bridge opened in 1883, Jews began an annual tradition of walking across it on Rosh Hashanah to recite Tashlich.
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One of the most compelling women in the history of Hebrew printing was a young girl by the name of Ella. She worked as a typesetter in her father’s print shop in Dessau,Germany. At the conclusion of the famed edition of the Frankfurt Talmud of 1699,she is praised for her efforts.
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Rome is Europe’s oldest Jewish community,Jews have lived for over 2,000 years. The Jewish community in Rome can be traced at least to 161 B.C.E. when Jason ben Eleazar and Eupolemus ben Yochanan came as emissaries of the Maccabees to join an alliance against the Seleucid Greeks.
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“The Watchmaker” by Yehudah Pen, oil on canvas 1914. Located in the National Art Museum Of Belarus.
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An Illustrated Passover Haggadah with Judeo Italian Translation, printed in Venice in 1629.
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Russian painter Vereshchagin, was one of the first painters to depict the cultural life and landscape of Central Asia to northern India. This beautiful painting titled “Portrait of a Jewish merchant” was painted during one of his trips.
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Lazar Krestin (1868) was an artist famous in the German art world for Judaic scenes, and his many portraits of Eastern European Jews.
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The Ghetto of Venice, is Europe’s first “ghetto,” the ancient Jewish quarter in the center of the city. A view from above from the 16th century and in modern times.
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Booksellers could be found in the daily markets in the Netherlands. In this painting the Jewish bookseller Joseph Blok (wearing a blue smock) stands in front of his stall in Amsterdam. Vincent van Gogh liked to buy books from Joseph Blok and painted his portrait in 1882.
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A Siddur from 15th century italy is an outstanding example of renaissance manuscript illumination. With painted floral border decorations in a characteristically Florentine style.
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Millions of photographs have been taken of Jerusalem. But these blurry photos from 1844 are the very first.The photos were taken by French photographer Joseph Philibert Girault de Prangey.
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In the 14th century, a thick bread arrived to Poland from Germany known as “obwarzanek”it was an early form of the bagel. The bagel would become intrinsically linked with the Jews of Poland,it was one of the few places in the world where Jews were allowed to bake and sell bread.
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In 1932 during the great depression, a major grocery chain discounted their brand of coffee, Maxwell House turned to an ad agency to help them stay competitive.The Maxwell House Haggadah was born when they suggested distributing a book for free with each purchased can of coffee.
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Built in the 6th century in the old Jewish
Quarter of Barcelona,the Sinagoga Major de is the oldest synagogue in Spain. The remains of the original walls are still visible today.
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Copied by Barzilai ben Jacob Halevi in Narbonne, France in 1282. This Maimonides Mishneh Torah is the oldest dated hebrew manuscript in the Netherlands. It is housed in the magnificent Ets Haim library in Amsterdam.
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The Ashkenazic Synagogue in Amsterdam was inaugurated in 1671 and the Sephardic Spanish Portuguese Synagogue in 1675. By the end of the 16th century Amsterdam was a sanctuary for Jews from Spain and Portugal, and from Eastern Europe.
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A beautiful Megillah written in 1750 in Brody, Ukraine. As early as 1648, 400 Jewish families are recorded living in Brody. The Megillah is housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale.
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The first Bomberg edition of the Talmud printed 1520-1523 became the standard for all subsequent editions, Its foliation and layout are still adhered to today. One of the greatest accomplishments in the history of the printed word.
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The Synagogue in Tomar is the oldest preserved Synagogue in Portugal. It was built in the mid 15th century, and served as the place of worship, and School for the medieval Jewish community. In 1496 the community was expelled along with the rest of the Jews from Portugal.
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The first Haggadah printed in the United States of America was in 1837.Printed by Solomon Henry Jackson an immigrant from England. Its title was: "Service for the Two First Nights of the Passover in Hebrew and English. First American Edition. It was printed in New York City.
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Built in year 1150 when Lincoln was England's third largest city.The Jewish community around the time was also one of the most important in the country. The structure below known as “The Jew's House” would have been one of the largest and most lavish homes in the city.
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The Babylonian Talmud was printed in Constantinople between 1583-1593 by Solomon and Isaac Jabez. After the burning of the Talmud in Italy in 1553, there was a high demand for a new printed edition. They printed this Talmud following the layout of Daniel Bomberg of Venice.
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The Roman rite, Minhag Roma is the oldest Nusach of prayer outside of Israel and Babylonia. This magnificent prayer book from the early 16th century was copied by the Ha-ltan family of scribes, their ancestors were expelled from France in 1394. From the Braginsky collection.
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Isidor Kaufmann was the most celebrated Jewish painter of the 19th Century. In 1894 he began to take annual summer trips through Eastern Europe’s traditional Jewish communities, and paint vibrant local scenes. The painting below sold at Sotheby’s in 2012, for $512,500.
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László Bíró was a Jewish native of Budapest. As a journalist he noticed that fountain pen ink would smudge. He designed a ball that rotated in a socket that evenly distributing the ink. In 1945 Marcel Bich bought the patent and made the pen the main product of his company, Bic.
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The origins of the Jewish community of China dates back to the 12th century. Kaifeng was the largest of the Chinese Jewish settlements. The Klau Library holds manuscripts, Torah scrolls, and other materials from Kaifeng, including bilingual Chinese Hebrew writing.
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Marsh’s Library in Dublin, Ireland contains more than 250 Judaic volumes including the Tanach, Talmudic texts, rabbinic writings, and Yiddish books. The library was founded in 1707 as the first public library in Ireland.
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The Jewish congregations of Brighton, England dates back to 1792. The middle street Synagogue was Consecrated in 1876. Electric lighting was installed in 1892, making it the first electrically lit synagogue in Britain.
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Morris Michtom, a Jewish Brooklyn candy shop owner and his wife Rose, created a stuffed toy bear in honor of Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt. The idea caught on, and the Teddy bear was born.
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The Museum of Jewish Art and History is located in the 3rd arrondissement in Paris. Housed in the beautiful Saint Aignan mansion built in the 17th century, the museum chronicles the history of the Jewish people in Europe from medieval times to the present day.
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The Jewish presence in Palermo, Sicily dates back to Roman times. Documents found in the Cairo Genizah attest to their presence in the Middle Ages as well. The Jewish quarter can today be identified between Via Maqueda and Via Roma in the city center.
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A magnificent Hebrew Prayer Book in the Kaufman collection. Written in Germany in 1270, it is a wonderful example of an early Nusach Ashkenazic Siddur, from the era of the Tosafists and Rishonim.
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The Biblioteca Classense in Ravenna, Italy holds an impressive Judaic collection. Among them is the Sefer Kol Bo, printed by the workshop of Gershon Soncino in Rimini in 1525.
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THE OXFORD GAZETTE, England, Dec. 11, 1665 This is an extremely rare and early mention of Shabatai Tzvi in the world press. The Oxford Gazette was the predecessor of the famous "London Gazette", the oldest continually published English language newspaper in the world.
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Full-page Menorah surrounded by whimsical creatures. From a Tanach manuscript from Rome, early 13th century. Located in the manuscript collection of the British Library.
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With its seemingly endless variety of illuminated illustrations the Rothschild Tanach written in 1296 Germany, is a prime example of the originality and magnificence that Hebrew illumination reached in the Middle Ages. The manuscript is housed at the Getty Center in Los Angeles.
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The Roman rite, or Minhag Roma is the oldest order of prayer outside the ancient lands of Israel and Babylonia. The prayer book below Written by Samson ben Elijah Halfan in the year 1500. Housed in the Braginsky collection.
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The Jewish presence in the town of Veria, Greece dates back to the 1st century. Today there are few Jews in Veria, but the quarter where they lived in named Barbouta still stands, at its heart is a colorful,beautiful synagogue rich in history.
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A censored Mishnah tractate Avodah Zarah from 14th century Italy. In the National library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France) and digitized by
@NLIsrael
. The Library traces its origin to the royal library founded at the Louvre Palace by Charles V in 1368.
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Between 1639 and 1659, Rembrandt lived in Amsterdam’s prosperous Sephardic Jewish neighborhood. Rembrandt’s drawings of the daily activities of the jewish community, as well as many subjects of his paintings, reveal a kinship with the Jewish community of Amsterdam.
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The most elegant of the Piedmont region’s synagogues, is found in the small city of Carmagnola near Turin. The city’s Jewish community was forced to live in the ghetto beginning in 1724. The Synagogue built in the 18th century, is opposite the former entrance to the ghetto.
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Marco Antonio Giustiniani finished printing his edition of the Talmud in 1551 in Venice. Only two years before the burning of the Talmud throughout Italy. Making this edition of the Talmud one of the rarest ever printed.
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In the year 1070 to boost England’s economy, William the Conqueror invited Jewish merchants and artisans from Normandy to come to England. Below a document written in Hebrew and Latin, attest to Jewish business interactions in England prior to the 1290 expulsion.
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The Great Synagogue was founded in 1692 at Duke's Place in the City of London. It was the first Synagogue established following the readmission of the Jewish community in England post expulsion. The Great Synagogue was destroyed by German bombing during World War II.
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Below the July 23rd 1666 edition of the London Gazette. Reporting on Shabtai Tzvi’s followers in Smyrna. On the reverse at the bottom of the page,a tally of the casualties of the week on account of the great plague of London. Housed in the Witness to History collection.
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In 1894, Isidor Kaufmann undertook his first momentous journey to Western Hungary in search of Jewish life in the small shtetls, away from cosmopolitan Vienna. The following year he travelled to Holleschau in Moravia where he “was deeply impressed by its 16th century synagogue.
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A stunning very early manuscript of Rashi’s commentary on the Torah,written in Munich in 1232 by the scribe Shlomo ben Shmuel Yosef. Located in the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany. The illustration’s are a prime example of German art during the Middle Age time period.
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In 1639 Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam's prosperous Sephardic Jewish neighborhood. He accepted commissions for portraits of prominent Jewish figures in Amsterdam at the time.
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The Babylonian Talmud printed in Constantinople in 1583 by Solomon and Isaac Jabez.With the burning and banning of the Talmud in Italy starting in 1553,there was a high demand for a new printed edition of the Talmud from outside of Italy. Housed in the Bodleian library at Oxford.
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A coin minted during the Bar Kochba revolt. The word "Jerusalem" was inscribed around the representation of the Temple. A star appeared above the Temple, in reference to Bar Kochba’s nickname "Son of the Star".
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An estimated 10,000 Jews joined the rush to the Gold Country beginning in 1848. By the end of the Gold Rush era, Jews represented nearly 8 percent of San Francisco's population the highest percentage in any American city with the exception of New York.
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Archaeologists working in Utrera Spain in 2023 excavated a 14th century Sephardic synagogue, revealing a fully intact floor plan including a women’s section and ritual baths.The synagogue in the province of Seville, is among the largest ever found from the medieval era.
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The Nuremberg chronicle printed in 1493,has an illustration of Eleazar the Jew burned at the stake with other members of the Sternberg, Germany Jewish community. The Date was October 22nd 1492, falling that year on Shmini Atzeret 5253. Part of the Witness to History collection.
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In the 16th and 17th centuries,Venice was the dominant center of Hebrew printing,issuing more Hebrew books than any other city in the world.Printers flocked to Venice because of the superiority of its presses, and its development of trade routes to the rest of Europe and beyond.
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Built in 1367, the Carpentras Synagogue is one of the oldest in France, Located in the area surrounding Avignon in Southeastern France,the community was forced to move to rue des Muses in the town center which became rue des Juifs seen below.
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Joseph Athias printed this beautiful prayer book in 1657. His typeset was beloved and copied throughout the Jewish printing world of the 17th century and beyond. The equipment on display here was used by generations of Amsterdam book printers including the famous Proops family.
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For centuries cellars in the old town of Bordeaux were home to a hidden Jewish community of Marranos. They came from Spain to France in the 15th century, and continued to practice their religion in secret. Jewish history in Bordeaux dates back to at least the 6th century.
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A magnificent manuscript of the Arba'ah Turim written in 1463 in Bavaria. Located in the Bodleian library at Oxford.
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The Malatestiana Library in Cesena, Italy is known to be Europe's first public library. It opened in 1452 and is home to 400,000 books and manuscripts. Included in its vast collection is a manuscript of the Rambam’s Mishna Torah from the year 1347. Digitized by
@NLIsrael
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The British Museum library holds some of the earliest surviving biblical manuscripts from Ashkenaz (Franco-German lands). It also has early examples of the commentary of Rashi and Targum Onkelos on the same page, as seen below a manuscript from the year 1300.
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Between the years 1409 and 1816, 325 Jewish physicians graduated from the University of Padua. Among them were many distinguished scholars including
R’ Sabbato Vita Marini, R’ Joseph Del Medigo, and R’Tuvia HaCohen.
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