Luca Palmieri
@algo_luca
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Rust / backend dev / org design / climate. Baking on the good days. Author of . Building , a new Rust web framework.
Rome, Lazio
Joined July 2017
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Pinned Tweet
"Zero To Production In Rust" is complete 🦀
It is a start-to-finish guide for building APIs using
@rustlang
.
A mix of pragmatic advice and foundational concepts.
@zero2prod
is the book I wished I had when I started.
Two years in the making - it feels surreal to be *done*.
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This book is *brilliant*.
It goes straight into my list of reading recommendations for engineers who want to dig deeper into API development.
I learned something from every chapter, even the topics I thought I was familiar with.
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Google is donating $1M to the
@rust_foundation
to improve C++/Rust interoperability.
This is big news!
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2K
👋 I wrote a new Rust course 👀
It's called "100 exercises to learn Rust" and it teaches you the language one exercise at a time.
You can't follow the course without getting your hands dirty with the compiler, by design.
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"Zero to Production in Rust" has been updated!
It now uses the latest Rust compiler and the latest version of all its dependencies. Many reader-reported issues have been fixed, both in the content and in the typesetting.
If you were thinking about it, go get a copy!
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I've just discovered that
@RustUkraine
maintains a comprehensive Rust bootcamp, teaching Rust from the absolute basics all the way to backend development fundamentals.
If you're thinking of learning Rust in 2024, make sure to check it out!
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A bit of personal news 📣
After a month of rest, I have finally started a new adventure!
I joined
@AWS
, where I'll be building tools and crates to support teams who are looking to adopt or expand their Rust usage 🛠️
Expect a bit of open source spillover as well 😄
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It's finally ready: you can now buy a paperback edition of "Zero To Production In Rust" 🎉
It is distributed via Amazon and it should be available in all countries.
If you liked
@zero2prod
, I have only one favor to ask: go and leave a review!
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End of the road: today is my last day at AWS.
The journey has been short and rocky, but I'll treasure some of the connections I made.
Off to a new start in July!
Different gig, same goal: making Rust work for *you*.
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The Rust AWS SDK goes 1.0 🎉
Having worked side-to-side with the team behind it, it cannot be understated how much of an achievement this is.
Massive congrats to all the people involved 👏
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The versatility that Rust brings to the table is just mind-blowing.
With the exception of GUI/front-end work*, it's a viable choice at almost every level of the stack.
Once mastered, it's the ultimate Swiss-army knife.
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A personal update: I'll be leaving AWS in June.
I am in the process of moving back from the UK to Italy. That doesn't square very well with AWS' new return to the office policy—hence we'll be parting ways.
It's a shame, there was potential there, but it won't be realised.
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How much interested would there be in a series of blog posts on how to build a production-ready(ish) API in
@rustlang
from scratch?
Think database setup, domain layer, API layer, non-functional requirements (logging, tracing, metrics), integration tests, benchmarks, etc.
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Our life in the UK, neatly packed and loaded.
Off to Italy, with a one way ticket!
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Rust 1.78 has just been released!
The new diagnostic attribute unlocks *massive* quality of life improvements for day-to-day Rust usage.
Library authors finally get access to (some of) the machinery that allows Rust's standard library to emit high quality compiler errors.
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Welcome to the world little Giulio!
In the coming months I'll be quieter here, and slower to respond across all channels 🐢
Taking the time to adjust our family rhythm to the beautiful chaos of a newborn!
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"Oh no, a company that literally sells software for money is... selling software for money!" 🙄
The Rust community should be extremely happy that JetBrains has decided to double-down on Rust and launch a standalone IDE.
It's proof they see a future in this ecosystem.
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I am OK with piracy of my book, no big deal.
But pulling down the book and reselling it... No thanks.
They went as far as changing the author name on the cover. A classy touch I must say.
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I finally got a chance to unpack all my (technical) books in the new flat 📚
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Catching on
@ThePrimeagen
's stream from yesterday on Mojo vs Rust: he's right.
If Mojo delivers, we'll never see Rust in "userspace" for people working on AI.
The value proposition is just *too good* if you're an ML engineer or Data scientist who knows Python well.
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"Zero To Production In
@rustlang
" has passed 100k in revenues 🔥😱🎉
It means a lot to see all the effort I poured into
@zero2prod
being appreciated.
It is also my first "product" - an insightful ride to say the least.
Looking forward to share the learnings!
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Syntax is, for the most part, something you get used to.
Once trained, it becomes invisible and has a negligible impact on productivity.
Such a dull discourse when it comes to comparing programming languages.
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The sad side of closed-source software: every time I change job, I lose access to some sweet utility library I had written when working there.
Sobbing a bit today that I have to work with JWTs without my sweet tooling.
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Rust tip 💡
Labels are often associated with nested loops.
In the example below, I used `break 'outer` to escape the outer loop from the inner loop.
But they're much more general than that: you can annotate *any* block of Rust code with a label!
It unlocks a nice pattern ↓
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"100 exercises to learn Rust" is the material we use to teach Rust at
@mainmatter
, as a 4-day workshop.
You can access it all at
Enjoy!
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I've released `biscotti`, a new Rust crate for HTTP cookies.
It's designed to be a one-stop shop for cookies: simple enough for common cookie handling but powerful enough to cover advanced cases.
I built `biscotti` for Pavex, but you can use it with any Rust web framework.
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Rust has two ways to express failure: panics and errors.
Most Rust applications do a good job at logging their errors, but they completely forget about panics 🚨
If you are using the `tracing` crate for telemetry, make sure to register a panic hook to log uncaught panics.
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Rule of thumb: if you care about users/developer experience, you will end up with 10:1 ratio between error handling code and happy-path code.
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Your endpoint makes several network calls, each taking on average more than 50ms.
Why do you worry about the overhead of Box or pointer indirection?
Focus on making your project more ergonomic to work with, much better investment.
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Despite being labeled as "system language", the average Rust production workload is... a backend system.
It's the most common workload, by far.
It sounds like a narrative violation, but the data is consistent, year over year.
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"Production-ready" is a label that's thrown around quite lightly.
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We finally have a release candidate for rocket 0.5 🚀
It's been a long time coming but it's going to be extremely beneficial to the overall web landscape in
@rustlang
.
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4 months, 3 chapters, 70 pages, 51827 words later...
I am so happy to announce that "Zero To Production In
@rustlang
" can now be pre-ordered at 🎉🎉
It includes the book code, PDF, ePUB and MOBI.
Feeling quite proud right now.
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I'll be right back when I find out what it means to be a "top 5% Rust developer".
Do they give medals out? Who issues them?
Unironically, it's sad to see that companies are still pushing out this kind of job specs.
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Rust is the dark horse of AI: few are talking about it, yet almost everyone is using it.
Efficiency and fearless concurrency *do* matter when you're processing petabytes of data, and that's what Rust excels at.
That's exactly what
@mainmatter
did with Aleph Alpha ↓
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"I'll just check out the source code" is a super-power for a software engineer.
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"There is no money to be made selling technical content!"
Well, sir, I beg to differ.
Celebrating the 200k milestone for
@zero2prod
this time!
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It feels incredible to see "Zero to Production in Rust" in the top 20 for "Web services" on Amazon... after more than two years from publication!
Keeping the book up-to-date takes time, but the work pays off.
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How many
@rustlang
users are out there?
I'm looking for an estimate with a reasonable error bound (up to 10%?).
Rust user being = a person using Rust at least once a week.
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I just published a new chapter of Zero To Production in
@rustlang
!
This entry is massive: parsing of HTML forms, request extractors and (de)serialisation, databases (sqlx), integration tests.
Feedback and retweets are more than appreciated 🙏
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Time to dive into
@m_ou_se
's new book!
I went through the early access chapters on the O'Reilly website a few months ago - really really excited.
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The course on Rust-Python interoperability has been live for a few days now.
You can access it here:
Enjoy!
I'm preparing some teaching material on pyo3.
I had an *operational* understanding of it, but by digging deeper I'm really coming to appreciate the amount of care and polish that went into it.
Hat off to
@davidhewittdev
! He has been an amazing sheperd.
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Let's talk about API design for
@rustlang
crates.
When is it desirable to annotate your enums with #[non_exhaustive]?
It depends on what _pattern_ they are trying to support! 🧵
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Quick
@rustlang
tip: if you are working with HashMap/HashSet/BTreeMap/BTreeSet and you are bothered that constructing them is very verbose, check out the maplit crate.
It gives you macros similar to vec![] to build literals of all those collections.
E.g. `hashset(1, 2, 3)`
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If you're looking for a Rust gig, I've good news: I'm looking for an extra pair of hands to come and help me at
@mainmatter
!
It's a fully remote position, with one constraint—you must be based in Europe.
Let's talk about the job ↓
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Discovered another handy
@rustlang
crate today - bimap.
It provides a bi-directional HashMap, particularly useful to model 1:1 relationships in an in-memory store.
If you have used Python before, it's equivalent to bidict.
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It's time for a little preview!
This article provides an overview of pavex, the new Rust web framework I've been working for the past 6 months.
It's not yet ready for prime time, but the API is mature enough to showcase.
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An appeal to all local transport companies: public your app on *all* app stores, not just the national one.
Yes, I am not German.
Yes, I also need to buy a bus ticket in Germany.
But I can't download your app to do it, because I'm not on the German Play store.
🥲
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This shit is so tiresome.
Folks buy my ebook and then re-publish it on Amazon, undercutting the price of the original.
Amazon has access to the full content of both the pirated and the original copy.
Apparently their "genAI focus" doesn't include their own store.
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I'll repeat it once again for those in back: remote work doesn't imply asynchronous working practices.
You can be fully remote and expect everyone to be responsive during the same 5/6 hour window.
You have a timezone and working practice problem, not a "remote" problem.
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We all talk so much about *why* you should adopt Rust.
But *how* do you adopt Rust at a company?
I've put together a down-to-earth guide for engineering leaders who are about to embark on this journey.
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"The fact is that several individuals exercised poor judgment and poor communication. [...] those individuals have opted to step back from top-level governance roles [...]"
This is a good outcome.
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No RustConf for me this year 😞
Sharing as a reminder that most proposal do NOT get accepted, regardless of how much experience you have as a speaker.
You just got to keep trying!
What doesn't work for the audience/schedule of one conference might very well work for another!
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People like
@jonhoo
are *never* on the job market.
He has an extremely keen eye for detail. At the same time, he can set, promote and drive bold and ambitious visions.
I have witnessed it first hand here at AWS.
If your company is hiring, you'd be a fool not to reach out.
Amazon's (wild) new return-to-office policy is making it … more difficult to come to an agreement about me moving to Norway in June. Which means that come summer I may be looking for a Rust job in Europe! If you have an opportunity that may be relevant (🧵), reach out!
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Allowing `-` in crate names and magically replacing it with `_` was a mistake.
It tripped me up so many times this week.
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Thank you Amazon, I'll make sure to check it out.
(Translated: "Hi Luca, we found something that you might like!")
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All the exercises are ready for the Rust telemetry workshop at EuroRust, as well as the solutions 🔥
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TIL: if you convert a `std::net::TcpListener` into a `tokio::net::TcpListener` it's on *you* to configure it to be non-blocking.
That took me way too long to figure out. "Why is my stuff hanging?" Well, guess what.
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The latest chapter of Zero To Production in
@rustlang
is online 😁
The topic is zero downtime deployments: how should we sequence our work to avoid disruptions when releasing a new version of the service?
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pavex's code is now public on GitHub 🎉
It is a Rust web framework/transpiler that I have been working on for some time.
It is far from being ready, but I find it easier to work in public (especially to get help when I am stuck!).
Feel free to check it out 😁
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This blog post series on writing a programming language in
@rustlang
by arzg is **so** good.
Have a go at it folks -
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I'll allow myself one (1) salty comment on RustConf's lineup.
Yet another edition (4th year in a row?) without a single talk on backend dev, the largest cohort by usage for Rust.
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Finished yesterday!
It left me with a great urge to go out there and implement concurrent data structures.
History will tell if that's a net-positive or a net-negative for the universe.
I strongly recommend buying a copy if you have a use (or you are fascinated!) by the topic.
Time to dive into
@m_ou_se
's new book!
I went through the early access chapters on the O'Reilly website a few months ago - really really excited.
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My favourite take from yesterday's meetup: you can write bad software in *any* language.
Don't assume it's going to be performant or robust just because it's written in Rust.
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Do you want to become an expert on a topic?
Write an in-depth workshop or article about it.
You'll be *forced* to sweat the details, and you'll come out enriched by the experience.
It's a win-win: you get better, others get great teaching material.
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Another good news!
TrueLayer has decided to bet on
@rustlang
as the technology that will be powering our new Core Banking services.
I am now looking for two Rust backend engineers in Milan to join my team:
My DMs are open 😀
RTs appreciated 🦀
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Re-discovered this today and it hits hard.
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Rust diagnostics are great, but they keep getting better!
A recent improvement: the Rust compiler keeps track of what items are hidden behind a feature flag and promptly suggests you to enable it if needed.
A major papercut solved by a well-targeted diagnostic.
*chef kiss*
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Mark the date: on April 8th
@RustUkraine
is organising an online
@rustlang
conference!
I'll be giving a talk on how to reason about Rust code, the bedrock on which I am building pavex!
The talks are a mix of English and Ukranian—check them out!
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Look ma, we are on Wired!
A growing movement to write software in a language called Rust is gaining momentum because the code is goof-proof in an important way.
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I don't often recommend products, but a Remarkable is one of the best purchases I made in the past 5 years.
Good ebook reader for large formats (PDFs in particular), amazing as a note-taking tool.
Handwriting helps me focus and Remarkable delivers the same feeling of paper.
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I've been waiting for this for *so* long.
"Customize your linker" has always been top my recommendation list to improve compilation times.
Nice to see I'll be able to cross it off soon enough.
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It's official now: I'm kicking off Pavex's closed beta 🎉
You can sign up for early access: invites will go out in a couple of weeks, hopefully in time for some Christmas hacking ❄️
We're not _done_ yet, but it's a major milestone: eager to get some feedback on a year of work!
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On a more positive note—the company changes, the theme stays the same: making Rust a *great* language for developing APIs and web applications.
I'll get a chance to touch many different projects and really feel the pulse of Rust adoption in the industry. Exciting times!
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"Why did you build Pavex?"
"Why don't you use macros?"
"Is Rust a good idea for backend development?"
I get asked these questions *a lot*, so I baked all my answers into a 50 minutes presentation at
@RustNationUK
.
(Link in the thread 👇)
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"Telemetry isn't useful"
It may not be popular, or always an acceptable choice, but it damn useful.
has started to parse "User-agent" header and we finally have actual data to look at when discussing "what MSRV is acceptable".
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"Did you use --release?"
Well, it happens to experienced
@rustlang
programmers too 😱
My in-memory cache was doing 1.5k operations per second in my benchmark. Decent, but not amazing.
Then I realised I was missing --release 💥
100k operations per second 😎
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After ~4 years, today is going to be my last day at
@TrueLayer
.
It does feel surreal.
I can't overstate how much I owe to this experience - it shaped me, both as a leader and as an engineer.
I'm curious to find out how I am going to fare in a remarkably different environment.
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.
@jetbrains
has just published the results for their yearly Rust developer survey.
There's a lot of interesting data.
A data point some might find surprising: more than a third of Rust developers are using Rust for web development!
An exciting space to be into right now.
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A long-awaited improvement to token management: you can now set scopes, restrict tokens to certain crates and set expirations!
All-powerful tokens are no more—something I low-key complained about for years.
Great work!
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The new (and last!) chapter of
@zero2prod
is coming together.
Probably another 30 pages to go before it's done.
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You can mitigate the right shift by using a labelled block!
After every if, you use a labelled break statement to skip the rest of the block and trigger the else branch.
It's neither better nor worse—just something to be aware of when fighting with the horizontal scrollbar.
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The latest chapter of
@zero2prod
is out!
This is entry is entirely focused on error handling in
@rustlang
- what are errors for? Should we use the Error trait? What about anyhow or thiserror?
It hopefully brings some clarity to the conversation.
Enjoy!
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Linter ✅
Formatter ✅
"Cargo for Python", "next Big Thing"...
Are we getting a speedy version of pytest next or... the Python holy grail, a good package manager? 😱
If they pull it off they'll have single-handedly killed my biggest objection to Python scripting.
Announcing the Ruff formatter: an extremely fast, Black-compatible Python formatter.
Over 30x faster than Black -- and over 99.9% compatible.
Try it now with `pip install ruff` and `ruff format`.
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It's really encouraging to see such a rigorous approach to performance in rustls.
It's not enough to push for a Rust-based implementation on safety grounds. It must match (or beat!) the incumbents on all relevant metrics too!
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Major milestone for
@zero2prod
: it sold more than a 1000 copies! 😱
1000 was my goal when I started.
Here we are, 10 months later.
A testament as well to the massive growth of
@rustlang
in the backend development ecosystem.
Thanks to all of you who supported the project 💖
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If we zoom out from Rust, there is a lot to learn there.
The issue by
@m_ou_se
is a master class on how to give credit if you are leader: calling out **specifically** how every piece of work contributed to the larger goal, elevating everyone's contributions.
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This is shaping up to be a fun talk!
Rustdoc's JSON format is incredibly powerful and it unlocks so many usecases.
We need to talk about it more!
The event will be in April, the announcement should be out soon-ish 🔥
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In a fast growing company, new engineers (<3 months) often make up more than 25% of the engineering workforce.
Onboarding is a key challenge: do it well and your capacity increases.
Do it badly, and your capacity decreases with every new hire.
What does good look like?
🧵
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@vertexclique
@Argorak
This slide is the single biggest source of my low-key antagonism towards Golang.
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If you are looking to reduce the number employees, there is a big difference between layoffs and mandating a return to the office:
- With layoffs, you decide who leaves (with some caveats);
- With an RTO mandate, you don't.
The latter can result in losing your high performers.
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8
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Time to get ready for
@rustlab_conf
!
You can expect:
- A bit of philosophy (what is backend?)
- An (opinionated) state of the union for Rust on the backend
- An introduction to , covering both why I started it and where I plan to take it.
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"What they say" vs "What they (often) mean"
The error handling story in
@rustlang
is not perfect.
But a lot of confusion is not Rust-specific!
It arises from a set of incorrect expectations when it comes to error handling *in general*.
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