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That led to where we are – the industrial revolution. A few decades ago, the humble calculator became cheap enough to reach neighborhood shops. It signaled the arrival of a new kind of device – a device thought computed or calculated. Steam engines started reducing mechanical effort for us – they reduced the load on our muscles. Calculators started doing that for our brains – reducing thinking load. Since then, computers have become blisteringly faster. The little computer we carry in our pockets today is more powerful than the computers used to send a man to the moon in the 1960s. Every year, computing has only gotten faster, more efficient, and more reliable. The age of AI is a part of the computing revolution. It is making it even easier for us to think – we are able to think more and get more work done. Steam engines, petrol engines, and electric motors were invented over centuries. Now, we may argue that we are in the middle of a computing revolution – similar to the engine revolution. How will things change? What will the future look like? How will the compute evolution change the standard of living of human beings?

It freed human time for other activities – like inventing more technology. Agriculture was automated. Tractors and threshers vastly improved the amount of food produced – reducing food prices. It fueled scientific curiosity.

It powered evolution in technology itself. Cheaper coal and steel led to more inventions. It led to more efficient engines. It allowed tons more goods to be transported – trains and steamships carried unimaginable amounts of load.

The steam engine enabled mechanical energy. Until this invention, most force came from human effort, animals, or wind/water mills. Steam engines replaced that.

That allowed smaller steam engines to produce greater power. Eventually, they became light and powerful enough to support their own weight – and some extra weight. This is when we saw the birth of the steam-powered locomotive!

Factories, textile mills, and mines. These were the first industries that started replacing manual labour with steam power. The steam machines were still heavy and required lots of coal and water.

It was at this point that the steam engine really started picking up. With improved efficiency, it relied less on water. It could finally be placed away from water and coal sources.

So, it was mostly used in coal mines with excess water. Back then, mining for coal was stopped after a certain depth. There was too much water in the mines. These early steam pumps were used to pump this water out. It allowed coal mines to be deeper.

In the early 1700s, someone invented a very crude steam engine. For the first time, burning coal produced movement. This early steam engine was extremely inefficient. It needed a source of cold water and coal to function.

It freed up their day – for other activities. But for this to work, the mills needed a source of water or wind. Both of these were temperamental. Water could stop flowing during cold winters or during summers. Wind could stop blowing practically any time.

Instead of crushing grains using hands, the power of the wind and water could be used. The rotational energy from water and wind could also be used for metalwork, textile making, and water pumping. It saved humans an immense amount of time.

About 2,000 years ago, someone realized that flowing water could be used to rotate things with force. The watermill was invented. About 1,000 years later, the same was discovered to be true for wind – the windmill was invented.

For most of history, if force needed to be exerted, it was done using hands. That or using animals. Think of plowing the fields using oxen. But then, a small change happened.

What caused the locomotive train engine to be invented in 1829? Why then? Why not before, and why not after? For this, we have to go back a little over 100 years before 1929.

And with that – trains were born! Before the Rocket and trains, goods were transported using horse-drawn carriages and on boats in canals. People traveled on foot. Or in horse carriages (if they could afford them).