Paul Babinski
@Paul_Babinski
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Postdoc @EuropeanAn @koebenhavns_uni , PhD German @Princeton . I study the scholarly practices of early modern European orientalists.
Joined May 2014
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Two approaches to scholarly error: Thomas Erpenius (1584-1624) translated the proverb “إذا زل العالِم زل بزلته عالَم” as “When the erudite err they err with erudite errors”. In fact, it was Erpenius who erred. It should read: “When a scholar errs, the world errs with him”.
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One enduring feature of the rise of academic oriental studies in Europe in the seventeenth century: the enthusiastic appropriation of “inshallah” (if God wills) by Arabic learners. Here, in a 1667 letter from Edmund Castell to Samuel Clarke. British Library, ms Add. 22905.
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A curious practice I’ve never encountered before: the author of this 1828 letter, running put of paper, finished by going back to the beginning, adding new lines perpendicular to their earlier writing. Danish Royal Library, Bøllingske Brevsamling, 4- nr. 8
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The opening of the Qur’an in Arabic, Persian, & Turkish, with facing Latin, prepared for the King of Denmark, Frederik III, by the German orientalist Theodor Petraeus (1630-1672) with the help of an Armenian from Aleppo, Shāhīn Qandī. Royal Danish Library, ms Or.Arch. 2(1)
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A seventeenth-century Latin-Greek-Turkish-Tatar-Armenian-Ukrainian-Romanian lexicon in Oxford. Bodleian, ms Marsh 187.
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Trilingual hymn—in Turkish, Latin, and Hungarian—by the sixteenth-century Hungarian convert and Ottoman imperial interpreter Murād b. ʿAbdullah. Bodleian, ms Marsh 179
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Qur’an manuscript presented to the Danish King Frederik III in 1664 by the German orientalist Theodor Petraeus (“من العبد الفقير الحقير مقدسي عطا الله المعروف بابن الصخري”). Kgl. Bibliotek, ms Cod. Arab. 19.
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An Arabic grammar chart by the Damascene scholar Solomon Negri, likely produced for his Danish student, Frederik Rostgaard, in Paris at the end of the seventeenth century. KB-Copenhagen, ms Add. 133.
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Chain of instruction: A Persian story copied around 1630 for a merchant in India who worked through the text, likely with a teacher, adding interlinear Danish glosses. Later, another reader studied it using the Danish, glossing the words again in Latin. Bodleian, ms Marsh 267
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Here��s a pdf of my dissertation, “World Literature in Practice: The Orientalist’s Manuscript between the Ottoman Empire and Germany”, a history of early modern oriental studies as an intellectual tradition emerging from an encounter with Ottoman learning.
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The first printed work of Turkish literature (1481, here, a c. 1491 edition): two poems memorized by a captive convert to Islam in the Ottoman Empire, George of Hungary, who later reverted & joined the Dominicans. The poems are given in transliterated Turkish & Latin translation.
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An Azeri Turkish translation of the Gospels of Matthew and John, written in Isfahan in Latin script according to French orthography, acquired in the 1680s by a Swedish traveler in Moscow, Johan Gabriel Sparwenfeld. Uppsala University Library, ms O. Sp. 39
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The reader dies, their notes remain: a late eighteenth-century orientalist records a Turkish proverb on the margin of their copy of Meninski’s dictionary (“The man dies, his name remains. The horse dies, its field remains”). Bodleian, Caps. 19.11
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A Paris copy of Hinckelmann’s 1694 Qur’an edition, inscribed by generations of nineteenth-century students at the École des langues orientales vivantes. BULAC, ms RES MON 8 39
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“You are as many people as the languages you know” (Ne kadar dil kim bilirse, o kadar adamların yerini tutar). Turkish proverb used as a motto for Jakab Harsányi Nagy’s 1672 Colloquia familiaria Turcico Latina.
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Learning the Arabic script in Paris at the end of the 17th century: a sheet of calligraphy exercises by Salomon Negri, likely intended as a model for his student in Paris, the Danish scholar Frederik Rostgaard. Royal Library Copenhagen, ms Add. 133.
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Cigarettes and Saʿdī: an old pack of Turkish rolling papers, used as a bookmark in a Vienna copy of a 1264/1847 Tabriz lithographed edition of Saʿdī’s works. FB-AFOR, Vienna University Library, Konsularakademie, O L 186
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The marginalia of a child learning to write, copying lines in a Vienna Qur’an. ÖNB, ms Cod. A.F. 60.
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Armenians as mediators of orientalist knowledge: wordlists in Persian and Georgian compiled in 1605 by the Vienna librarian Sebastian Tengnagel, from “an Armenian priest who had traveled almost the entire Orient”. ÖNB, ms Cod. 15161.
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A Turkish interlinear Qur’an in the Vatican Library, looted in 1690 after the Venetians briefly took Vlorë (in Albania) from the Ottoman Empire. BAV, ms Vat. arab. 200
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One of the particular pleasures of museum going: feeling completely unprepared to see a work in person you’ve seen a thousand times on page or screen. Rogier van der Weyden at the Prado.
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The unpublished Turkish-Latin dictionary of William Seaman (1606-1680), now Bodleian, ms Rawl. or. 58. Seaman is remembered today for a Turkish grammar, a translation from a sixteenth-century Turkish history (Tāj al-tawārīkh), and a translation of the New Testament into Turkish.
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A loose blank manuscript page with lines marked out by string. From a collection of miscellaneous fragments in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic (KB-Copenhagen, ms Cod. Pers. 143).
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Confronted with the challenge of transliterating the Arabic letter ع (ʿayn), the annotator of this early modern Italian-Turkish dictionary devised a simple and elegant solution: add ع to the Latin alphabet. Bodleian, ms Arch. Selden. A. 42
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An Arabic proverb, added by the French orientalist Antoine Galland (1646-1715), with Latin translation, to the front flyleaf of an Ottoman manuscript: “Whoever has no notebook in their sleeve will not establish wisdom in their heart.” Bnf, ms Turc 245.
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Oxford copy of an Arabic-Turkish dictionary owned by Justus Raphelengius (1573-1628), later interleaved & annotated by Jacob Golius (1596-1667), who worked through the text recording Latin definitions & used it in compiling his 1651 Lexicon Arabico-Latinum. Bodleian, ms Marsh 466
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Portrait of the German kaiser (nemçe çāsārı) Rāşḫūh, who negotiated peace with Süleyman, from BnF Turc 140, a curious Ottoman manuscript of images and accompanying texts, brought to France in the early 18th century by Paul Lucas
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A Turkish expression of ineffability, in the dictionary of a seventeenth-century French traveler: “Even if the Black Sea were ink, & all the trees pens, & every leaf a sheet of paper, & everyone in the world a writer, it wouldn’t be enough to describe it.” BnF, ms Suppl. Turc 685
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Munich Qur’an, with the ownership note of an Ottoman woman, Gülüşah Hatun. A 1689 Latin note offers details about her life: she was 33 years old & had been taken into slavery at Nové Zámky. The book was later given to the Prüll Charterhouse in Regensburg. BSB, ms Cod. arab. 16
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“Truly, the conversation of fools is worse than the flames of hell” (ḥaḳḳa ki cāhil ṣoḥbeti nār-ı cehennemden beter). One of the Turkish proverbs adorning BnF, Suppl. Turc 902, a 1737 lang. primer made from the Tuḥfe-i Şāhidī at the École des jeunes de langues in Istanbul
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Cambridge’s first Professor of Arabic, Abraham Wheelock, was also its first lecturer in Anglo-Saxon. Here, Wheelock marks the completion of his reading of the 1571 edition of the Old English Gospels with “الحمد لله” (Praise be to God). CUL, 1.24.9 (sel c)
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1615 manuscript Syriac-Arabic-Latin (الافرنجي) glossary. There are many revisions to the Latin, and Turkish equivalents were later added in the margins. Bodleian, ms Marsh 92.
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Eighteenth or nineteenth-century green parchment slipcase for a Copenhagen Qur’an manuscript. Royal Danish Library, ms Cod. Arab. 21.
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Leiden copy of a Persian-Turkish dictionary with the annotations of a German orientalist, Levinus Warner (c.1618-1665), showing how Warner worked through the Turkish definitions, perhaps with the help of a teacher in Istanbul. Leiden, ms or. 925
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Side-by-side excerpts from two translations (Turkish and Persian) of the Kalīla wa Dimna tales, copied by the eighteenth-century French dragoman Étienne La Grande. I love the contrasting use of black and red ink. Austrian National Library, ms A.F. 166
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“This is the Kaaba of lovers / Whoever arrives lacking is made whole”: Persian verse “written above the entrance of a school”, noted by French orientalist Étienne Hubert (1567-1614) in his copy of the Ibn Sīnā’s al-Qānūn fī al-ṭibb. BnF, RES FOL-T29-5
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1865 collection of Ottoman proverbs prepared by Vienna’s Oriental Academy. Intended as an introductory reader for Turkish learners, each proverb is presented in Turkish with interlinear glosses in German & French, as well as transliterations & translations in both languages.
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The circulation of knowledge about Ottoman collections: catalogs of Istanbul libraries (copied around the turn of the nineteenth century), from the collection of Vienna’s Oriental Academy. HHStA, mss Or. HS 6-10.
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Ottoman manuscript in Paris with a late seventeenth-century ownership inscription, in Persian, by the French orientalist “Antūnī Ġālānd”, who added a line of poetry from Rūmī: “Whoever’s garment is torn by love is cleansed entirely of desire and fault.” BnF, ms Persan 329
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Manuscript of Turkish poetry (Divan of Dukakinzade Ahmed Bey) on Ottoman silhouette paper, which was made using dye-soaked leather cut-outs. KB-Copenhagen, ms Cod. Turc. 21.
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A page from a Turkish and Persian commentary and translation of al-Būṣīrī’s Qaṣīdat al-Burda looted from Ottoman Europe in the 1680s, which a German owner used as a scratch pad. Leipzig University Library, ms B. or. 62
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Beautiful 1759-60 copy of a Persian-Turkish verse glossary (Tuḥfe-i Şāhidī), with the marginal commentary arranged in a variety of decorative shapes, copied at the Süleymaniye Dar al-Hadith in Istanbul. KB Copenhagen, ms Cod. Turc. Add. 28.
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Dedication written by the Ottoman scholar Ahmed Cevdet Paşa (1822-1895), presenting a copy of his Miʿyār-ı Sedād (a work on logic written for his son) to the Oriental Academy in Vienna. FB-AFOR, Vienna University Library, Konsularakademie, O G 23.
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A copy of Müteferriqa’s 1732 edition of Kātib Çelebi’s Cihānnümā with hand-colored engravings, presented as a gift from the Ottoman ambassador to France in 1742. BnF, RES G-G-18.
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Paris copy of Jacob Golius’s 1636 edition of Ibn ʿArabshāh’s history of Timur, annotated by an early eighteenth-century French scholar. Golius’s edition, published in Arabic without translation or notes, challenged generations of orientalists learning Arabic. BnF, 4-O2Q-38
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Doodles on the Turkish notebooks of an apprentice dragoman who studied at the French École royale des Jeunes de langues, 1819. BULAC, mss Turc 241-242.
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The German Turkologist Georg Jacob in 1928 on the languages an orientalist should learn: Russian, English, Dutch, Spanish, Hungarian, French, Czech, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Syriac, Aramaic, and, to the extent one can, all the rest.
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My talk, “Teaching Turkish: The Evolution of Diplomatic Language Schools in the 18th Century”, about how changing pedagogical practices at schools for diplomatic interpreters in Istanbul, Paris, & Vienna informed a tradition of orientalist scholarship.
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A beautiful example of the early use of lithography in orientalist printing: Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall’s 1834 Turkish-German edition of Kara Fazli’s Gül ü Bülbül, with shamsa title page, unvan, & wrappers depicting the titular rose and nightingale.
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The circulation of orientalist knowledge: Persian-Latin dictionary (BnF, ms Persan 202) copied by Antoine Galland (1646-1715) from a dictionary in Castell’s 1669 Lexicon heptaglotton based on a ms Persian-Latin dictionary (Bodleian, ms Marsh 213) by Jacob Golius (1596-1667)
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Script for physics experiments performed in Turkish by Joseph Hammer, then a student at the Oriental Academy, for the Ottoman ambassador, Ebubekir Ratib Efendi, during the ambassador’s visit to Vienna in 1792. HHStA, ms Orient. HS 558.
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The oldest surviving manuscript of the Shahnameh (614/1217), today in Florence, was acquired in Cairo at the turn of the 17th century by Girolamo Vecchietti (1557-1640), one of Western Europe’s first collectors of oriental manuscripts. BNCF, ms Magl.III.24
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Cambridge Persian-Latin dictionary compiled by William Seaman (1606-1680), mostly from copies of the Persian-Turkish Luġat-i Niʿmetullāh. Seaman’s unfinished work was a source for the first printed Persian dictionary, in Castell's 1669 Lexicon Heptaglotton. CUL, ms Dd.3.54
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A marvelous example of the scholarly reception of Guillaume Postel’s Grammatica arabica (c. 1538), the first printed Arabic grammar. The reader has studied the text with pen in hand, covering the margins of the page with branching diagrams. BnF-Réserve des livres rares, RES-X-707
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In Cambridge this week, where I’ll speak on Friday (in the Seminar in Early Modern Scholarship and Religion) about Ḥaḳḳ-verdi, a seventeenth-century Safavid traveler who helped orientalists in Northern Europe study Persian & Turkish. 12:30, Christ’s College Portrait Room
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1796 manuscript French grammar written in Ottoman Turkish, which appears to have been produced on the basis of Charles François Lhomand’s 1780 Éléments de la grammaire française. BnF, Supplément turc 736
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Persian-Turkish dictionary compiled for the German orientalist Adam Olearius by his Safavid amanuensis, Haḳḳ-verdi, at some point in the 1640s. KB-Copenhagen, Cod. Mixt. 9.
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Turkish-French dictionary copied in the seventeenth century by the orientalist Gilbert Gaulmin (1585-1665). Gaulmin studied Turkish alongside Persian and Arabic, and his studies can be reconstructed from his many annotated manuscripts in the BnF. BnF, ms Supplément Turc 803.
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A Paris copy of Jacob Golius’s 1653 Arabic-Latin dictionary, a foundational work of early modern orientalist scholarship, with the learned notes of an Alsatian philologist and…a century of doodles by Parisian school children. BULAC, RES MON FOL 1.
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Illuminated title page for Flavius Mithridates’s collection of Latin translations from Arabic (including a work on the talismans of the lunar mansions, astronomical tables, & two Qur'anic suras), prepared in 1480-1481. BAV, ms Urb. lat. 1384
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Qur’an manuscript with two layers of seventeenth/eighteenth-century repairs—one Ottoman, one orientalist—restoring damaged pages and completing missing portions of the text. Kgl. Bibliotek – Copenhagen, ms Cod. Arab. 13
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The introduction and front matter of my dissertation, “World Literature in Practice: The Orientalist’s Manuscript between the Ottoman Empire and Germany”.
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An Oxford Qur’an looted from Ottoman Hungary in the 1590s, presented by a Hungarian in Heidelberg to Jakob Christmann. It then passed (through Jan Gruter) to Wilhelm Schickard in Tübingen, after whose death it was bought by Samson Johnson for Laud. Bodleian, ms Laud or. 246
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Paris Qur’an with Turkish interlinear translation. At the end of the seventeenth century, a Persian translation was copied onto the margin of the first pages by Louis de Byzance, a Jewish convert to Catholicism from Istanbul & priest of the Paris Oratory. BnF, ms Suppl. Turc 19
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Orientalist learning as an apprenticeship with Ottoman scholars: copy of Sūdī’s Turkish Gulistān commentary by the German orientalist Georg Gentius. On the right: Gentius’s hand. On the left: the hand of an Ottoman scholar, likely Gentius’s teacher in Istanbul. KB, ms Cod Turc 19
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Gulistān manuscript copied in Schleswig in 1639 by a Safavid traveler, Ḥaḳḳ-virdi, for the German orientalist Adam Olearius. Ḥaḳḳ-virdi copied the text onto one side of the page, leaving room for Olearius’s translations and notes. KB Copenhagen, ms Cod. Pers. 84.
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In the Ottoman Empire, commentaries on Persian works such as the Gulistān of Saʿdī or the Dīvān of Ḥāfiẓ, besides providing a comprehensive guide to canonical works of literature, offered the non-native speaker a course in the Persian language.
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Arrived today: proofs for my essay on the first German collections of Islamic manuscripts, for a forthcoming volume on the history of the Berlin State Library’s oriental collections. I’m really looking forward to reading the other contributions.
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Some personal news: I’m thrilled to begin a post-doc with the European Qur’an project at the University of Copenhagen.
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Cut and paste: Arabic proverbs from a Damascene Arabic teacher in Paris at the end of the seventeenth century, Salomon Negri, translated, cut, reordered, glued into a book, and annotated by his Danish student, Frederik Rostgaard (1671-1745). Royal Danish Library, ms Or. Arch. 4-3
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Newly arrived: the first English translation
@gorgiaspress
of the landmark trilingual study of Ottoman architecture (Turkish, French, German) commissioned for the 1873 Vienna World’s Fair, with reproductions of the original edition’s stunning lithographed plates.
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A Paris copy of Hinckelmann’s 1694 edition of the Qur’an, owned and annotated by the French orientalist Étienne Fourmont (1683-1745). BnF, RES P-J-35.
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Corrected proof sheets for the first book from the first Ottoman Turkish press, Müteferrika’s 1729 edition of an Arabic-Turkish dictionary. The sheets were bound into a manuscript owned by the Dresden librarian Sigismund Seebisch (1669-1753). SLUB-Dresden, ms Mscr. Dresd. Eb. 365
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A beautiful copy (Kongelige Bibliotek OS 665) of the 1730 Tarihü’l-Hindi’l-Garbi (“History of the West Indies”, one of the first printed books in Ottoman Turkish) with 18c European binding and stunning endpapers
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Volume of bound issues of Taḳvīm-i vaḳāyiʿ, the first Ottoman newspaper, with the annotations of Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774-1856). Leipzig University Library, Orient. Lit. 72t
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The torn corner of a German letter, used as a bookmark in a Copenhagen copy of Daniel Bomberg’s 1521 edition of the Hebrew Bible, perhaps by the same reader who added Latin interlinear glosses throughout the text. Royal Danish Library, 20, 57 S-30
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Correcting omission: Compiling an English-Turkish dictionary, William Guise (1653-1683) wrote out entries he had accidentally skipped and circled them in a sort of “speech bubble” to reinsert them in alphabetical order. Bodleian, ms Marsh 253.
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Turkish interlinear translation of Saʿdī’s Gulistān, owned by André Du Ryer (1580-1660), whose 1634 Gulistan, ou L’Empire des Roses, though incomplete & often imprecise, was a landmark of orientalist literary translation. BnF, ms Turc 272.
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The boundaries of orientalist knowledge: in the margin of an Ottoman manuscript (Fīrūznāme), an early modern orientalist added a Latin translation of the opening lines of Arabic. It ends abruptly: “what follows this is Turkish”. KB Copenhagen, ms Cod. Turc. 17.
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Staatsbibliothek Unter den Linden, with Alexander von Humboldt and a copy of Hinckelmann’s 1694 edition of the Qur’an (Zu 5908b). Happy to be back in Berlin, even if only for a few days.
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Turkish manuscript copied in 1649 by the Safavid traveler and amanuensis Ḥaḳḳ-virdi, here, in the colophon, using his Christian name: Friedrich Christian (received when he was baptized, along with his son, a few years earlier). KB Copenhagen, ms Cod. Turc. 16.
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Arabic-Turkish glossary of Qur’anic vocabulary (Lugat-ı Ferişteoğlu), copied by a seventeenth-century orientalist who added French definitions, and included, at the end, verses from the Qur’an (5:82-86) along with a French interlinear translation. BnF, ms Turc 234.
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The first printed German translation from Arabic: Andreas Tscherning’s translation of sayings attributed to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, which gives each proverb in literal Latin and Latin & German couplets. The second edition, shown here, added the original Arabic
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Friedrich Dieterici’s 1854 Turkish chrestomathy & grammar, written in French & compiled from Ottoman manuscripts in Berlin from the library of the German orientalist Heinrich Friedrich Diez (1751-1817). This particular copy has notes (German & English) from two Turkish learners.
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Arabic-Turkish-Persian dictionary, from the library of the seventeenth-century French orientalist André Du Ryer (1580-1660), &, I suspect, written in his hand. Du Ryer completed the first printed French translations of the Qur’an & Saʿdī’s Gulistān. BnF, ms Suppl. Turc 462.
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Exploring annotated books from the library of Vienna’s Oriental Academy, where generations of eighteenth and nineteenth-century orientalists studied Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. African and Middle Eastern Studies Library, University of Vienna
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Early nineteenth-century Chagatay-Latin dictionary, from the library of the Austrian orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, who, l suspect, compiled it during a period of intensive study of the work of Mīr ʿAlī Şīr Navāʾī. Leipzig University Library, ms Vollers 1046
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Oxford manuscript of a Persian-Turkish glossary (Kitāb-i Dānistan) with annotations by the seventeenth-century Dutch orientalist Jacob Golius. Golius’s revisions show him refining his knowledge as he navigated a variety of Turkish, Persian, & Arabic sources. Bodleian, ms Marsh 31
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Joseph Hammer’s copy of the Ferheng-i Şuʿūrī, a two-volume Persian-Turkish dictionary printed in 1742 by Müteferrika. The margins are full of Hammer’s annotations in a half dozen languages (Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, Orient 21k)
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Letter, in French (with smatterings of Arabic, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew), from the itinerant Damascene scholar Salomon Negri (1665-1727), seeking a library position offered at some earlier date. Royal Danish Library, Bøllingske Brevsamling, U 2° 310
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Flyleaf note, in Turkish, by a seventeenth-century orientalist (perhaps Antoine Vitré): “He who knows himself knows a lot” (kendi bilen çok bilir), a modification of the Arabic saying “He who knows himself knows his Lord” (من عرف نفسه عرف ربه) Cambridge UL, ms Dd.11.33
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A beautiful seventeenth-century Latin manuscript grammar of Arabic, copied in three colors (black, red, green) with a loving attention to detail. UB Gießen, ms Hs 35
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A Latin overview of the Qur'an from Hottinger's 1658 Bibliotheca orientalis, copied onto the margin of an unrelated Turkish manuscript by the Polish-Ottoman dragoman (and convert to Islam) Wojciech Bobowski/ʿAlī Ufḳī. BnF, ms Turc 221
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August, 1706: The German orientalist Henry Sike, copying from an Oxford manuscript of the Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, takes a moment to practice writing بسم. Bodleian, ms Bodl. or. 406.
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Arabic-Turkish glossary, thematically organized, with sixteenth-century annotations in Greek, Latin, Turkish, and Arabic, from the library of Guillaume Postel (1510-1581). Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, ms Phillipps 1397.
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Title page of Dominicus Germanus de Silesia’s 1639 Fabrica linguae Arabicae, with a very nice example of seventeenth-century woodcut Arabic calligraphy. Leipzig University Library, Orient. Lit. 111.
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A recording of my talk
@FBGotha
, “After 1683: The Circulation of Türkenbeute Manuscripts”, on Islamic manuscripts looted from Ottoman Europe and their role in early modern orientalist scholarship.
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Berlin copy of Golius’s 1653 Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, annotated by Halle orientalist Christian Benedict Michaelis (1680-1764) & later Heinrich Friedrich Diez (1751-1817). Valuable evidence for how eighteenth-century German scholars studied the Qur’an. SBB-PK, Bibl.Diez. fol 68
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Woodcut of the Lord’s Prayer in Arabic, from Guillaume Postel’s 1538 Linguarum duodecim characteribus differentium alphabetum introductio.
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1665 draft title page for the Latin translation of a Persian history of China (from Tārīkh-i Banākatī). The translation was the work of two scholars in Leiden, a German orientalist (Theodor Petraeus) & an Armenian from Aleppo (Shāhīn Qandī). KB Copenhagen, ms E don. var. 40 kvart
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