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How many socket connections can one server handle?
10,000?
20,000?
The answer might surprise you.
1. Server Ports
Many engineers believe that each socket takes one port to listen to. If this were true, we would be limited to 65,535 sockets.
This isn't true.
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Real conversation between two software engineers:
SE-1:
Our team lead keeps asking us to implement "consistent hashing." Do you know what it is?
SE-2:
It's a load-balancing algorithm. Why is he asking you to implement it?
SE-1:
I am not sure. He said deployments would be easy.
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We analysed over 50 software engineering whitepapers in 2023.
If you want to start, we recommend the following:
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Updated list of whitepapers worth reading.
1. Google File System
2. Map Reduce Big Data Algorithm
3. Google BigTable NoSQL Document Store
4. Colossus Next Gen File Store
5. Megastore Large Object Store
6. Monarch Time Series DB
7. Chubby Distributed Lock Management
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Low-Level Design Launch ✈️✈️✈️
With over 4.5 hours of video content, this series covers all the SOLID topics.
1. Single Responsibility Principle
2. Open-Closed Principle
3. Liskov Substitution Principle
4. Interface Segregation Principle
5. Dependency Inversion Principle
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Our list of whitepaper deep dives in 2024.
1. Facebook Caching - Memcached (Completed)
2. Google Auth System - Zanzibar (Current)
3. Facebook Graph Database - TAO
4. Facebook TimeSeries Database - Gorilla
5. Google TimeSeries Database - Monarch
6. Google Data Queries - Dremel
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This holiday season, here are 10 system design resources we recommend reading.
They are all related to databases (graph, time-series, streaming, object-oriented, etc...)
The algorithms and data structures backing these databases are so cool. Enjoy the reads!
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@akshaymarch7
Arrange marriages are scary , what if your partner sorts the array to find the second largest element? 😰
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InterviewReady videos are down.
Vimeo has suspended our account. We are trying to have this resolved ASAP. Sorry for the inconvenience.
Stay tuned for more details.
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Meta runs over 100 million lines of code. Finding the root cause of an error is like searching for needles in a haystack.
To tackle this, Meta's engineering teams have built some of the World's most advanced debugging software.
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About 10% of software engineers pursue the path to Tech Lead.
It is a grueling road. But the benefits are enormous.
Promoting to Tech lead needs:
1. Continuous upskilling
2. Chasing impact
3. Cross-team influence
A thread 🧵
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We are migrating to microservices, named after Pokemon.
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Git scales to over 500 million repositories and is used by over 20 million software developers.
It offers unparalleled speed, reliability, and ease of use.
But what allows Git to manage massive amounts of data at scale? Let's peek into the algorithms powering this behemoth.
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Google Maps covers 36 million square miles of the Earth. And it doesn't use most of it.
The algorithms, databases, and real-time data that power this application are a fusion of innovation and common sense.
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Here is how you can effectively read engineering research papers.
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This research paper from Carnegie Mellon in 2020, is an eye opener.
It uses production log traces from Twitter to evaluate different caching strategies.
Here are the key takeaways 🧵
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How LinkedIn handles 7,000,000,000,000 messages a day 🧵
Story:
It's almost Valentine's Day. Let's say you run a flower shop, and you want to email users about the upcoming day.
These messages could be emails, SMS, in-app notifications, or even automated phone calls.
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You can now practice low-level design at InterviewReady.
Link (You need to sign in first):
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Techstack of our startup, InterviewReady.
It's a small startup with ~3000 registrations a month. Our users consume about 4 terabytes of video every month.
More Technical Details 👇
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Google engineering is fascinating.
Take this case:
Google servers are dynamically added or removed based on traffic.
As traffic increases, servers are added. When traffic reduces, servers are removed to free up resources and save costs.
This is known as horizontal scaling.
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Do you find DSA and System Design difficult ?
@gkcs_
#interviewready
#dsa
#systemdesign
#programmingmemes
#ITjobs
#programminghumor
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If you are a data engineer, this is a must-read 🧵
It's a story of how
@fb_engineering
consolidated their data systems.
These systems handle exabytes of data and are used by thousands of engineers.
#DataEngineering
#SystemDesign
#MetaEngineering
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"Secure" systems are difficult to build.
AWS has thousands of customers who expect continuous deployments and face millions of attack vectors.
Over a million request configurations are sent daily to their policy analysis engine, Zelkova.
#systemdesign
#aws
#auth
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Meta loves their Analytics system: Presto.
It is an Interactive Analytics Engine used by CXOs, operations, and business teams when they need to make decisions.
Example: Website traffic analytics, identifying user patterns, etc...
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We hope the intent of using consistent hashing is clear.
For more detailed videos on consistent hashing, routing, network protocols, etc... check out the system design course at InterviewReady.
Cheers.
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We are soon gonna turn 2!!
Here's what we have been upto:
• Our team grew up from 2 to 10
• A fully responsive & functional website is running
• We introduced FREE mock interview
• Our
#LinkedIn
family grew to 15k
• Had two meet-ups in Delhi and Hyderabad
#TransformTuesday
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WhatsApp has over 2 billion voice and video calls daily.
That's much more than Zoom, Slack, and major network providers.
In less than 7 years, WhatsApp calling overtook services with decades of market penetration!
How does WhatsApp manage these calls?
And what makes it scale?
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Every developer after wathcing
#KGF2
be like....
Bugs..Bugs..Bugs! I don’t like it. I avoid, but, Bugs likes me! I can’t avoid.
#codingmemes
#programmingmemes
#kgf2
#programming
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The tenth chapter of our low-level design series was launched today.
Recap:
We are building a Game AI engine that can play turn-based games. The requirements come to us in stages, and the code evolves accordingly.
Along the way, design patterns and SOLID principles pop up!
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Here is one reason why NoSQL usually runs faster than SQL databases.
Fundamentally, database performance depends on two things: read and write speeds.
Most applications are read-heavy. This means the faster you read data, the happier your user is.
And therein lies the rub.
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2. Linux File Descriptors
Isn't a socket just a file? Is listening to a socket equivalent to reading a file?
Yes. Absolutely.
Aha, so the limit to the number of sockets we can open is the number of file descriptors allowed by the machine. In Linux, that's 590432.
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Here are some AWS services you must know about:
20. AWS Neptune Graph Database -
19. AWS Cognito Authenticator -
18. AWS TimeStream Database -
17. AWS OpenSearch Engine -
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This database optimization technique has been lost in the sands of time.
When cache deployments were hard and RAM expensive, developers had to devise creative ways to optimize their apps.
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WhatsApp is the most used messaging platform, which is simple to use. According to stats, over 2 billion people use this platform worldwide.
Here is a thread on how to design WhatsApp.
(1/7)
Check our blog with full explanation. Link in bio.
#WhatsApp
#whatsappstatus
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While you read this, Amazon is dealing with one of its biggest scaling challenges of the year.
Cyber Monday is a big day for online businesses.
Two days after Black Friday, online stores sell products with massive discounts.
The idea is to end the year profitably.
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Hey folks!
We could not conduct today's live class due to technical issues.
We apologize for the inconvenience caused and thank you for your patience. The class has been shifted to 10th December 2023, 9 AM IST.
(1/2)
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In the world of algorithms, Paxos stands out like a sore thumb.
It is extremely useful, very hard to understand, and even harder to get right.
In fact, it's creator (Leslie Lamport) had picked up the project to prove that such an algorithm cannot exist 🫥
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UPDATE: Our videos are working.
The website is back up :D
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Yesterday's post was on load balancing. Today we tackle content distribution.
It may seem obvious, but content distribution networks are the backbone of distributed systems.
Because customers really **hate** latency.
(1/9)
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Follow
@interviewready_
handle on Instagram to clear such confusions :P
@gkcs_
#programmingjoke
#programmingmemes
#systemdesign
#SoftwareEngineering
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SE-2:
Yes. Also, increased memory use for connection handshakes, slow TCP starts, and cold connection caches...all leading to potential thundering herds.
SE-1:
Wow. How do you remember all this?
SE-2:
I lived through this, building a chat app. We learned it the hard way, haha!
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Doest work like that, don’t wait till the last moment.
#systemdesign
#interviewready
#placements
#KotaFactorySeason2
#programmingjoke
#programming
@netflix
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Even though India didn't enter finals for
#AsiaCupT20
all of us celebrated
#ViratKohliCentury
😊
Now let's learn how to design
@DisneyPlusHS
where you all have been watching the nail biting matches 🤭
Also don't forget to use SUPER4 to avail 25% off while checking out✌️
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Yes, we heard your request, so Instant mock interviews are live now!!
Check at .
PS - Be like Bahubali and practice enough before going to the big war :P
#mockinterviews
#systemdesign
#programming
#interviewready
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How does
@IRCTCofficial
handle ticket bookings for millions of Indians daily? The secrets behind their planet-scale architecture will blow your mind! 🤯
Distributed systems, auto-scaling, data sharding, caching, fault tolerance - they've nailed it all
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Elevate Your System's Efficiency, Transform Your Cache knowledge now!
Swipe left to know about different types of cache!
And celebrate Hug Day with Our System Design Sale! Use "VALENTINE" to avail yourself of 25% off!!! 🤩
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Zanzibar is an authentication system that manages billions of auth requests at Google.
It has an excellent research paper explaining its internals.
We deep dive into this LIVE at InterviewReady (11 Feb, 19 Feb, 3 March).
See you there!
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Let's learn about Single Point of Failure!!
Go through the thread to learn about how to avoid and identify or click on the link below 👇
🔗:
Don't forget to use FESTIVESEASON to avail 25% off
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Well, you could always go to the Linux Kernel and change the limit!
This is something we need to do as system engineers of Chat Applications, Live Streaming Apps, and Gaming Platforms to host millions of sockets on a single server.
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With over 13,000 system design experiences, we have come to the following conclusion:
Junior engineers focus on solutions.
Senior engineers focus on problems.
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Drum Rolls Please!! 🥁
Presenting our first guest speaker for the
#Bangalore
event!!
Book your seats now!!
🔗:
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If you're a student or even not you know how much handy is
@splitwise
app is!
Here is a 🧵 on how to design it:
#tuesdaymotivations
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Isn't that a limit? 2^16 ports coupled with 2^32 IP addresses would be a limited (albeit massive) number of 2^48 sockets per machine.
Yes!
That's the upper limit we have on sockets. Currently, a machine can host at most 281 trillion sockets.
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We have curated a list of most asked System Design questions in MAANG interviews.
A 🧵:
(1/4)
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A socket is a logical object that consists of:
1. IP Address
2. Transport protocol
3. Port number
Multiple clients can connect to the same port on most servers!
So, there is no limit to the number of sockets in terms of ports.
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5. Scaling Memcached Facebook
Great place to start.
- The usecase is a common one.
- The reasoning is straightforward.
- The tradeoffs are easy to understand.
- The solutions are practical.
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Have you watched the live stream of yesterday’s match ??
We aren’t cricket pundits, but we can help you understand how live streams work
Check out our free chapter on live streams here
#indvspak
#livestreams
#systemdesign
#interviewready
#gkcs
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And the June Meet-up is here!!!🤩
Book your seats now using the link below!!
Stay tuned for the information about the amazing speakers!!👀
🔗:
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Related Lessons:
1. Handling Connections at Scale
2. Connection Related Thundering Herds
3. Networks Deep Dive
Enjoy the deep dive!
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Something exciting is coming up tomorrow!👀
Guess what it would be??
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We have job openings at InterviewReady!
If you are passionate about system design, please apply. 🚀🚀🚀
System Design Content Writer Application:
System Design Problem Setter Application:
We look forward to working with you. 😁
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Get ready for the next new feature!
You can now schedule a mock interview in 4 easy steps based on experience level and preferred timing, so go to the link and schedule your first mock interview now at To always Be InterviewReady!!
#mockinterview
#gkcs
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SE-2:
(Continuing after sipping water) Consistent Hashing helps minimize the number of connections shifted between servers. So deployments are relatively smooth since the number of broken connections is minimized.
SE-1:
Wow, that makes sense! Thanks!
SE-2:
Are you sure?
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You can watch the new series here:
Enjoy the Holidays!
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We have added a NEW CHAPTER!!🥳
Check out the chapter using the link below 👇
🔗:
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A cab aggregator app is a mix of product considerations, technical requirements, pricing, and graph algorithms.
We are glad to shine some light on this simple-yet-complex app, and look forward to seeing you in future blogs!
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SE-2:
Yeah, that makes sense.
SE-1:
Why?
SE-2:
When you horizontally scale a service (add or remove servers), you shift existing client connections between the new and old servers (to balance load).
This results in creating and deleting some connections. Creations are costly.
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If you want to know who gets all the gold in
#moneyheist5
, you can take the sub, but if you want to know how
@netflix
onboards new content, you can check out this video by
@gkcs_
.
PS - We too are providing a 20% off on our course use code "Earlybird" :P
It's happening! Everybody stay calm! 😱
In case you missed it, you can now watch Netflix on any device at
#HappyNewPrices
.
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searching for a one-stop solution for all your system design doubts, resources, and interview experience? Search no further as we have just launched our discussion forum which is a platform completely dedicated to system design
Check out -
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Hello Everyone!!!
There is scheduled downtime on our website during 2-3PM IST for maintenance purposes. Any inconveniences are deeply regretted.
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Exciting discussions and updates for 2024!
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Here is a curated list of 9 games that will help you learn how to code:
• Codemonkey
• Codingame
• Cyber Dojo
• Flexbox Froggy
• CSS Diner
• Ruby Warrior
• Codewars
• Untrusted
• Robocode
Happy Learning😃
#sundayvibes
#sundaygame
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If you're not in one those trips to Goa or North India, then probably it's the best to invest the time on yourself👀
Use FREEDOM25 to avail 25% off🥳
🔗:
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Meta made Python 2% slower. And they are proud of it.
Recently, Meta introduced the concept of immortal objects to Python. The idea is to have objects hold a DO_NOT_DELETE flag.
When a garbage collector does the rounds, it ignores all objects having this flag.
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looooooooong weekend is here and so are we to make you are InterviewReady !!
Check out our chapter summaries in our blog section.
You can use coupon code "easterweekend" and avail 20% off on our system design course.
Valid till - 18th April 2022
#easter
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You can find the most recommended papers neatly assembled here:
Bookmark it for updates and future reference.
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#Valentine
week has started alReady, & if you don't have a Valentine, don't worry. Over the next 7 days, we have an excellent road map not only to get
#DateReady
but
#InterviewReady
at the same time.
Watch out for this thread.
Ps - Use code "single25" for 25% off on our course
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A free chapter on "Video Streaming Systems" is available on our website now, go check it out.!!
Wishing you a Happy Ganesh Chaturthi, Keep learning!
#systemdesign
#interviewready
#streaming
#learning
#GaneshChaturthi2021
@gkcs_
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Did you know once you enroll to our course you have the access to it forever?!🤩
How cool is that?!?
If you haven't enrolled to the course, then you should definitely do it!!
🔗:
#MondayBlues
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This weekend spend your day learning more about starting a start-up!
Trust me the event is going to be a fun-filled one and with a lot of interaction with our speakers and of course you'll be making connections!!
Seats are filling fast!! Book now!
Link:
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This page has over 3000 followers now. Thank you for your love and support!
As always, more software engineering content is on the way!
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SE-1:
What do you mean?
SE-2:
I mean, are you sure that makes sense? Could you tell me the drawbacks if we use a naive load-balancing algorithm?
SE-1:
Creating a connection would take time, right? That means slow requests (high latency).
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*Scam 1992 music plays in the background.
If you haven't watched the video yet, here's the link:
Next time
@gkcs_
&
@KeertiPurswani
should buy some stocks before releasing the video :P
#systemdesign
#gkcs
#developer
#interviewready
#stockmarkets
#IRCTC
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Thread alert! Let's talk about the design of UPI payments system. 🧵
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The Iceberg Model of Competency, also known as the "Competency Iceberg," is a metaphorical model that is used to represent the concept of competency.
Competency is defined as an underlying characteristic that predicts superior performance in a given job/role situation.
A 🧵:
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Have you ever faced a situation like this :P
Also, today is the last day to avail of 20% discount use code “placementseason”.
#systemdesign
#programmingjoke
#placementseason
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