@IhabFathiSulima
Donald Duck Sign---> Rhombencephalosynapsis
📋 Rhombencephalosynapsis:
- Rhombencephalosynapsis is a rare congenital (present from birth) condition affecting the cerebellum, a part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and balance.
- The vermis is the central part
@Doctors__squad
The answer is D. 7
📋 Explanation:
During a cesarean section, seven layers are typically cut through to access the baby:
1. Skin
2. Subcutaneous tissue (fat)
3. Rectus sheath (the fibrous layer that surrounds the rectus muscles)
4. Rectus muscle (usually separated rather than
@JamesLucasIT
Surely, Verona, Italy, is known for its rich history, and it is the setting of Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet." Verona often gets overshadowed by more famous Italian cities like Rome, Venice, and Florence. Still, Verona's charming streets, historic buildings, and vibrant culture
@IhabFathiSulima
Parasitic twinning (craniopagus parasiticus)
📋 Before:
- The parasitic twin often lacks vital organs and cannot survive independently. In this case, the parasitic twin had developed part of a head and was attached to the girl, but it was not a separate functional individual.
@mindfulmaven_
Some people die at 25. We bury them at 75, which implies that many individuals stop pursuing their passions, growth, and personal fulfillment early in life, effectively becoming stagnant. So, continuous development, curiosity, and vitality throughout life are important, rather
@modernHealthMe
Things happen as follows:
1) The red arrow points to an area of lipoatrophy, which refers to the localized loss of fat tissue. An immune reaction to insulin typically causes lipoatrophy and results in recessed areas at the injection site.
2) The blue arrow points to lipo
@Doctors__squad
B) Atropine
🙂 Atropine is an anticholinergic agent that blocks the vagus nerve and affects the heart, increasing the heart rate.
Other Options:
🙂 Ivabradine: This medication slows the heart rate but is not used for acute management of bradycardia.
🙂 Epinephrine: It is used
@Doctors__squad
Sweet’s Syndrome
Table 1: The diagnostic criteria for Classic Sweet's Syndrome
🔬 Research Reference:
Heath, M. S., & Ortega-Loayza, A. G. (2019). Insights into the pathogenesis of Sweet's syndrome. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 414.
@IhabFathiSulima
Osteochondroma
Osteochondroma is a non-cancerous bone growth that typically looks like a small bump or mushroom growing on the bone. It has a bony stalk with a cartilage cap. This is why it's often compared to a mushroom in medical illustrations.
@Doctors__squad
Cullen's sign
📋 Definition:
- This physical sign is characterized by periumbilical ecchymosis (bruising around the belly button) and is often associated with acute pancreatitis.
- Cullen's sign can also indicate other conditions involving intra-abdominal bleeding, such as
@IhabFathiSulima
Erythema Nodosum (EN)
EN is an inflammatory condition characterized by tender red nodules or lumps, usually on the shins. These nodules result from inflammation of the fat cells under the skin (panniculitis) and can appear bruise-like as they resolve.
@MoarSahitoPTI
Azithromycin
📋 Explanation:
- Azithromycin is the preferred antibiotic for treating chlamydial infections during pregnancy because it is safe for both the mother and the fetus.
- Doxycycline and ciprofloxacin are generally avoided during pregnancy due to potential risks to
@IhabFathiSulima
Neglect Syndrome
📋 Description:
- A neurological condition typically after damage to the brain's right parietal lobe.
- This condition causes a person to ignore one side of their body or environment, typically the left side, due to brain damage, most commonly from a stroke.
📸
@IhabFathiSulima
Hirschsprung's disease
📋 Finding:
- A distention of the intestines with air, which suggests intestinal obstruction.
📋 Description:
Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital condition in which nerve cells are absent in parts of the bowel, leading to severe constipation such as a
@Doctors__squad
Rabies 🐰
It strongly suggests a diagnosis of rabies because the boy is presenting with hydrophobia (fear of water) after a dog bite.
Key facts of Rabies:
🙂 Rabies is a disease that causes acute encephalitis (brain inflammation) in humans and other mammals.
🙂 It is
Typical MRI findings in Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
📋 Panel explanation:
1) Panel A (Axial FLAIR):
- Shows white matter lesions pointed out by the red arrows. These are Dawson fingers, where lesions extend outward from the brain's ventricles.
2) Panel B (Coronal FLAIR):
- The
@IhabFathiSulima
Soleus muscles
📋 Explanation:
Soleus muscles are located beneath the gastrocnemius in the lower leg and are primarily involved in standing and walking by allowing plantar flexion (pointing the toes) at the ankle.
📋 Unique aspect of glucose metabolism:
- aerobic metabolism
@Mind_Essentials
Please don't leave your coffee for too long and then be surprised why it's cold. I'm not talking about coffee. Neglect in relationships leads to emotional distance and coldness. Attention is the lifeblood of relationships; embrace it to nurture warmth and connection. Ignoring a
@IhabFathiSulima
Pityriasis Versicolor
(also known as Tinea Versicolor).
Definition:
- Pityriasis versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin caused by the yeast Malassezia, which is part of the normal skin flora.
Causes:
- Overgrowth of the Malassezia yeast is often triggered by
@modernHealthMe
Intertrigo
📋 Definition:
- Intertrigo is a common inflammatory condition of the skin folds caused by skin-on-skin friction.
- It often occurs in warm, moist areas of the body where two skin surfaces rub together.
📋 Cause:
This environment creates an ideal condition for skin
@IhabFathiSulima
The Chvostek sign and the Trousseau sign identify issues related to calcium deficiency, particularly hypocalcemia.
📋 Chvostek Sign:
- The Chvostek sign is a clinical test to detect facial nerve hyperexcitability.
- To test for this sign, a healthcare provider gently taps on
@IhabFathiSulima
The most likely diagnosis is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Finding:
- left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is an increase in the thickness of the heart's left ventricle ; without dilation (enlargement) of the cavity.
- Reddish-brown, meaning the heart has adapted to
@Doctors__squad
Sirenomelia (Mermaid Syndrome)
Facts:
- The characteristic symptom is the fusion of the legs, which appears as a single limb.
- This condition can also include other anomalies such as renal agenesis, absent or malformed bladder, and severe gastrointestinal and genital
@IhabFathiSulima
Hummingbird Sign
- Seen on brain MRI due to midbrain atrophy with preserved pons.
- Associated condition: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP).
- Symptoms of PSP: Issues with movement, balance, speech, and eye movement.
📸 Picture Reference: Dr Pablo Grande
@IhabFathiSulima
Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Syndrome (MGJW Syndrome)/ Nerve Miswiring
Cause:
- MGJW Syndrome, Normally, the trigeminal nerve controls jaw movement and the oculomotor nerve controls eyelid movement. In this syndrome, these nerves are incorrectly connected.
- So, when the jaw moves,
@DrMedica_13
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Definition:
- DVT is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, typically in the leg.
Symptoms:
- Pain and swelling in the calf or thigh should be included.
Complication:
- A serious risk of DVT is pulmonary embolism (PE), where a clot fragment
@Doctors__squad
D. Vitamin K
Warfarin is an anticoagulant that inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
Foods high in vitamin K can counteract the effect of warfarin, reducing its effectiveness and increasing the risk of clot formation.
Foods rich in vitamin K include
@IhabFathiSulima
Cyclopia
📋 Related Research:
- Cyclopia is when a newborn presents with a single eye and severe facial abnormalities.
- Cyclopia occurs due to improper division of the orbits into two cavities, often leading to stillbirth or early neonatal death.
- The condition is typically
@modernHealthMe
Prune Belly Syndrome (PBS)
(Or Eagle-Barrett syndrome)
Definitions:
- Prune Belly Syndrome (PBS) is a congenital disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms:
------> Partial or complete absence of the abdominal muscles.
------> Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) in males.
@Doctors__squad
b) Enteric coated
Enteric coated tablets are not dissolved by stomach acid, They dissolve only in the intestines where the environment is less acidic.
Others
- Sugar coated: Masks the taste but dissolves in stomach acid.
- Film coated: Protects from light and moisture but
@Doctors__squad
B) Hepatic
Facts:
- Symptoms of Hepatic Jaundice are Yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine, pale stools, fatigue, abdominal pain, and liver enlargement.
- Types of Jaundice:
----> Pre-hepatic (Hemolytic) Jaundice is the excessive breakdown of red blood cells, but The liver
@IhabFathiSulima
Intussusception
Where a part of the intestine folds into an adjacent section. This condition often presents with the following signs and symptoms:
- Sudden onset of severe, crampy abdominal pain
- Bloody stools, often described as "currant jelly" stools due to the mixture of
@Prince_Fynnd
@Choji_ES
Thank you for sharing, Doctor. 🙏
Routine episiotomies are no longer commonly performed, as studies have shown that natural tearing often heals better and with fewer complications. However, an episiotomy may still be necessary in certain situations to ensure a safe and quick
@DrMedica_13
Epispadias
Definition:
- Epispadias is a rare condition where the urethra opens on the upper (dorsal) side of the penis in males or near the clitoris in females rather than at the tip of the penis or in the vaginal opening.
Causes:
- It results from abnormal development of the
@DrMedica_13
Cysticercosis.
Facts:
- Cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium.
Cysticercosis is a preventable disease that requires proper hygiene and thorough cooking of pork.
Transmission:
- Ingestion of eggs from contaminated
@Doctors__squad
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
- occurs when small blood vessels break and bleed underneath the conjunctiva surface
- No treatment; the blood will be reabsorbed naturally over 1-2 weeks
@supportbrain1
Strawberry tongue
This term is used to describe a tongue that is red and bumpy, resembling a strawberry's surface. Strawberry tongue is a symptom associated with various conditions, including:
🙂 Scarlet Fever: Caused by a bacterial infection with Group A Streptococcus.
🙂
@DrMedica_13
Hydrocele
📋 Definition:
- A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle that causes swelling in the scrotum.
📋 Cause:
- Congenital Hydrocele: This occurs when the processus vaginalis, a tube-like structure, does not close completely after the testicles descend
@modernHealthMe
Romberg's test
📋 Description:
- This test is used to assess balance and proprioception, which refers to the body's ability to sense its position in space.
📋 Interpretation:
1. Eyes Open: The person can maintain balance with their eyes open, as the visual system compensates
@Doctors__squad
Psoriasis
Explanation:
- Thick, red patches with silvery-white scales characterize psoriasis.
- These plaques are commonly found on the elbows, knees, and scalp extensor surfaces.
Treatment for Psoriasis:
- Topical Treatments: Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and slow
@Doctors__squad
The glucagonoma syndrome
📋 Description:
- Glucagonoma is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor from the pancreatic alpha cells, leading to an overproduction of glucagon hormone.
- These tumors are typically single (solitary), and less than 10% are linked to a condition called
@Doctors__squad
Morphine.
Explanations:
- Pinpoint pupils, also known as miosis, are a common sign of opioid use or overdose.
- Opioids, such as morphine, heroin, and other narcotic pain medications, cause the pupils to constrict to a very small size.
Why not the other options?
- Cocaine:
@Doctors__squad
D) Neurulation
Neurulation is when the neural tube forms, becoming the brain and spinal cord. If this process goes wrong, it can cause neural tube defects (NTDs) such as spina bifida or anencephaly, leading to physical malformations.
Other option:
A) Fertilization is when a
@IhabFathiSulima
The anomaly appears to be a Meckel's diverticulum, which is a small pouch that can form in the wall of the intestine. It is a congenital condition and is a remnant of the vitelline duct. Meckel's diverticulum can sometimes cause complications, such as inflammation, bleeding, or
@IhabFathiSulima
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Definition:
Pemphigus Vulgaris is an autoimmune disorder that causes blistering and sores on the skin and mucous membranes.
Causes:
- The immune system mistakenly attacks proteins in the skin, leading to blister formation.
Symptoms:
- Painful blisters and
@Neuromed_
Morton's Neuroma
📋 Explanation:
- Morton's Neuroma is a painful condition that affects the ball of your foot, most commonly the area between your third and fourth toes.
📋 Symptoms:
- The patient may feel as though they are standing on a pebble in their shoe or experience a
@supportbrain1
C) Tension Headache
🙂 Tension headache is typically pain across the forehead.
🙂 Tension is often associated with stress, muscle tension, or anxiety.
Another option:
A) Migraine:
🙂 Migraines often cause a throbbing or pulsating pain, typically on one side of the head.
🙂
@DrMedica_13
Charcot's triad---> Acute cholangitis)
Cause:
- Often caused by a bacterial infection due to bile duct obstruction (commonly from gallstones, strictures, or tumors).
Symptoms:
- The infection and obstruction lead to the symptoms of fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
@supportbrain1
Achilles tendon
🙂 The image shows a surgical of the lower leg, focusing on a ruptured tendon.
🙂 The tendon that appears to be ruptured is the Achilles tendon.
🙂 This tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone and is essential for walking, running, and jumping.
🙂
@Doctors__squad
Tricuspid Valve
Definition:
The tricuspid valve is one of the four heart valves. It is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Function:
- The tricuspid valve's primary function is to prevent blood backflow from the right ventricle into the right atrium during
A 29-year-old man who was impaled in the brain by a metal bar. Despite the severity of the injury, he presented with normal vital signs and no major neurological deficits except for a decreased level of consciousness.
Management steps included:
1. Initial Management:
-
@DrMedica_13
Human Tail
The tail was extending from the lower back of a newborn, measuring about 12 cm. This physical presentation is characteristic of a human tail, which is a rare congenital anomaly.
Treatment:
- Surgical Removal
DDx:
- Pilonidal Sinus
- Spina Bifida Occulta
- Lipoma
-
@Gazelle6849
Galeazzi Test
📋 Definition:
- The Galeazzi test assesses for a difference in leg length or hip dislocation in infants.
📋 Positive Galeazzi Sign:
- If one knee appears lower than the other, it indicates a potential discrepancy in leg length or a hip dislocation, typically on
@DrAkhilRaghavan
Hoover's Sign
Hoover's Sign is a clinical test used to differentiate between organic (true) and functional (non-organic or psychogenic) hemiparesis (weakness on one side of the body).
@modernHealthMe
Burkitt's lymphoma
Observe from:
- The left picture shows a swollen jaw and ulceration, which are common symptoms of Burkitt's lymphoma in specific areas.
- The right picture shows Burkitt's lymphoma cells, viewed from a microscopic perspective, like a starry sky.
@IhabFathiSulima
These infections that can be transmitted through cat scratches and bites:
Bartonella henselae (Cat Scratch Disease)
🙂 Swollen lymph nodes near the scratch or bite, fever, headache, fatigue, and occasionally a rash.
🙂 Via scratches, bites, or even licks from cats, particularly
@Gazelle6849
Intertrigo
📋 Definition:
- Intertrigo is a common inflammatory condition of the skin folds caused by skin-on-skin friction.
- It often occurs in warm, moist areas of the body where two skin surfaces rub together.
📋 Cause:
This environment creates an ideal condition for skin
@IhabFathiSulima
I found the chest of a patient with multiple prominent four findings:
1. Large, dilated, and tortuous veins are visible on the chest.
2. Telangiectasia (Small Red Spots)
- They can be associated with various conditions, including liver disease, hereditary hemorrhagic
@Doctors__squad
B) Melena
Melena is the presence of digested blood in the stool, resulting in black, tarry feces. It indicates bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Other Terms in the Options:
A) Lochia (A): Postpartum vaginal discharge containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue.
C)
@Doctors__squad
C) Atropine
🙂 Atropine is used to counteract the muscarinic effects of organophosphate poisoning by blocking acetylcholine receptors, thus relieving symptoms such as bronchorrhea, bradycardia, and convulsions.
What is Organophosphates (OPs)?
🙂 Organophosphates (OPs) are a
@Doctors__squad
Anisocoria
Definition:
Anisocoria is a condition where the pupils of the eyes are unequal in size.
Causes:
- Physiological anisocoria: a normal variation in pupil size.
- Horner's syndrome: a neurological disorder that affects the eye and facial muscles.
- Adie's pupil: a
@MoarSahitoPTI
Answer: B) Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin + Omeprazole
📋 Indication:
- This combination is commonly used as the first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection, known as triple therapy.
- It includes two antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) to eliminate the
@IhabFathiSulima
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS)
📋 Cause:
KTS is a congenital disorder present at birth. Abnormal blood vessels, soft tissues, bones, and lymphatic systems development cause it.
📋 DDx
- Proteus Syndrome
- Parkes Weber Syndrome
- Lymphatic Malformations
@modernHealthMe
Phototherapy for the Treatment of Jaundice
📋 What is Phototherapy?
- Phototherapy is a medical treatment that uses light to reduce bilirubin levels in the blood.
- Neonatal Jaundice: Phototherapy is primarily used to treat jaundice in newborns.
- High Bilirubin Levels: When
@modernHealthMe
Glucagonoma
Definition:
- It's a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor that secretes excessive amounts of glucagon.
- It is part of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), which can also include tumors of the pituitary and parathyroid glands.
Observe:
- Dermatitis (Necrolytic
Case: Impalement Brain Injury
📋 Overview:
- Impalement brain injury is complex and challenging due to risks like infection, neurological damage, and functional impairment, with limited treatment guidelines.
- Impalement brain injuries accounted for 0.3% of all traumatic brain
@MoarSahitoPTI
The answer is C) Phenobarbital.
📋 Indications:
Phenobarbital is considered the first-line treatment for neonatal seizures due to its effectiveness, safety profile, and long history of use in this age group.
Figure 1: The diagram explains how drugs control seizures by
@Doctors__squad
(D) Herpes Zoster
This is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is the same virus that causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the nerve tissues. It can reactivate years later as shingles, typically
@Doctors__squad
(c) Analgesic
Tramadol is classified as an analgesic which is used to relieve pain. It is not an antibiotic, antiviral, or antifungal medication.
- Antibiotic (a): Amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin
- Antivirus (b): Acyclovir, oseltamivir
- Antifungal (d): Fluconazole, terbinafine
@Doctors__squad
A. Radial nerve
Wrist drop, caused by radial nerve damage, results in the inability to extend the wrist and fingers. Common causes include trauma or compression. Treatment involves physical therapy, and sometimes surgery.
@IhabFathiSulima
Neuroretinitis in Ocular Bartonellosis.
📋 Retinography observation:
1. Optic Disk Swelling (Black Arrow):
- The optic disk is where the optic nerve connects to the eye.
- Swelling here, also known as papilledema, can occur when increased pressure in or around the brain
@Doctors__squad
🥹 Symptoms of swelling, redness, and pain in one leg can indicate several conditions, such as DVT, Cellulitis, gout, Erysipelae, or Lymphedema.
@Doctors__squad
Acanthosis nigricans
- It is a skin condition marked by dark, velvety patches
- Causes: Insulin resistance, PCOS or thyroid
- Managed through weight loss
@Doctors__squad
C. Parkinson's Disease
Definition:
- Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder with motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability.
- A notable symptom is "mask-like facies," where the facial expression
@IhabFathiSulima
Mammography
- Need to compress the breast to get a clear X-ray.
- It is a routine screening tool for women.
- men also can be used if they have breast symptoms.
@Gazelle6849
Answer: C. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)
📋 Indication:
- Low molecular weight heparin is the anticoagulant of choice for treating deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnant women.
- It is preferred because it does not cross the placenta, making it safer for the fetus
@DrMedica_13
Papillary Conjunctivitis
Papillary conjunctivitis is an inflammatory condition of the conjunctiva, characterized by the presence of papillae, which are small, raised, red lesions. This condition can be caused by various factors, including allergies, contact lens wear, or
@Doctors__squad
The answer is: 4) Vitamin K
📋 Description:
Vitamin K is essential for the blood clotting process. It is crucial in helping the body form clots to stop bleeding.
Figure 1: The role of Vitamin K in blood clotting and the process of anticoagulation.
📸 Picture Reference:
@Doctors__squad
External Cephalic Version (ECV)
📋 Definition:
- ECV is a medical procedure used to turn a fetus from a breech position (bottom or feet first) into a head-down (vertex) position before labor begins.
📋 Success Rate:
- The success rate for ECV is about 50-60%, meaning that in
@IhabFathiSulima
Williams Syndrome
Definition:
- Williams Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by deleting genetic material on chromosome 7.
Serious Symptoms of Williams Syndrome:
- One of the most serious symptoms of Williams syndrome is cardiovascular disease.
- This includes the
@IhabFathiSulima
Erysipelas
- Causes: Group A Streptococcus bacteria
- Symptoms:Red, swollen, and warm skin with a well defined edge, pain, and systemic symptoms like fever.
- Treatment: Antibiotics (e.g., penicillin)
@Doctors__squad
Pulmonary embolism
📋 Finding:
- The red arrow points to a potential abnormality in the lung, suggesting a blockage in the pulmonary arteries, indicative of a pulmonary embolism.
@supportbrain1
Ivermectin works by paralyzing and killing the parasites as follows:
🙂Intestinal Strongyloidiasis: An infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) Strongyloides stercoralis.
🙂 Onchocerciasis (River Blindness): An infection caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus.
@modernHealthMe
Multiple Myeloma
Definitions:
- Multiple Myeloma is a type of cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell.
- Plasma cells help you fight infections by making antibodies that recognize and attack germs.
- In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells
@Doctors__squad
Presume that neonatal seizures
We can observe from
- the baby's jerky movements of the arms and legs suggest seizure activity.
- common causes include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, metabolic disturbances, and infections such as meningitis.
- from
@IhabFathiSulima
Interstitial lung disease (ILD)/ pulmonary fibrosis
Finding:
- Bilateral reticular and fibrotic changes are seen throughout the lung fields.
@IhabFathiSulima
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Facts:
- Ophthalmia neonatorum is a type of eye infection (conjunctivitis) in newborns, usually within the first month of life.
- It is typically caused by an infection acquired from the mother during birth as the baby passes through the birth canal.
How
@OGdukeneurosurg
Cutis Verticis Gyrata (CVG)
Definitions:
- CVG is a rare condition in which the scalp develops deep folds and grooves resembling the brain's surface.
Treatments:
- There is no specific medical treatment for CVG, but underlying conditions (like acromegaly or