11 February 1661 At the office all the morning. Dined at home, and then to the Exchange ... Then with young Mr. Reeve home to his house, who did there show me many pretty pleasures in perspectives, that I have not seen before, and I did buy a little glass of him cost me 5s. ... To Mr. Adam Chard’s (the first time I ever was at his house since he was married) to drink, then we parted, and I home to my study, and set some papers and money in order, and so to bed. Here "perspectives" and "little glass" refer to magnifying glasses or a small spy glass. Since spy glasses are more interesting than magnifying glasses, I'll write about them: ) In the 17th century, the spy glass emerged as a remarkable optical tool around 1608 by Dutch spectacle makers, with Hans Lippershey seeking a patent on October 2, 1608, for an instrument "for seeing things far away as if they were nearby." These devices, miniaturized for portability, were simple extendable tubes with lenses at each end, used for naval navigation and personal observation. Galileo's work on telescopes furthered interest in optical devices, indirectly refining spy glasses, which became essential for sailors and explorers, symbolizing the era's scientific curiosity and exploration.

@goodreads Well …

Monday 10 February 1662 Musique practice a good while, then to Paul’s Churchyard, and there I met with Dr. Fuller’s “England’s Worthys,” the first time that I ever saw it; and so I sat down reading in it, till it was two o’clock before I, thought of the time going, and so I rose and went home to dinner, being much troubled that (though he had some discourse with me about my family and arms) he says nothing at all, nor mentions us either in Cambridgeshire or Norfolk. But I believe, indeed, our family were never considerable. At home all the afternoon, and at night to bed. St Paul's Churchyard Thomas Fuller (b, author) & Fuller's 'History of the worthies of England' This book is a biographical dictionary and a cultural history of England, organized by counties. It covers notable figures, referred to as "worthies," who contributed to the areas of religion, literature, science, and politics, among others. It includes anecdotes, proverbs, and sometimes, moral lessons. Some examples: "Learning hath gained most by those books by which the printers have lost." "A fox should not be of the jury at a goose's trial." "He is not poor that hath not much, but he that craves much." "Good-huswifery, or the art of keeping a good house, is not only to keep it clean, but to keep it friendly." "Charity begins at home, but should not end there." "Fortune makes folly her foundation." "Travelling is a fool's paradise, our first journey discovers to us the ignorance of our own country." “Thomas Fuller (baptised 19 June 1608 – 16 August 1661) was an English churchman and historian. He is now remembered for his writings, particularly his Worthies of England, published in 1662, after his death. He was a prolific author, and one of the first English writers able to live by his pen (and his many patrons).” Wikipedia

Appears someone has been reading my diary : ) 8 February 1661 “I met with many sea commanders, and among others Captain Cuttle, and Curtis, and Mootham, and I, went to the Fleece Tavern to drink; and there we spent till four o’clock, telling stories of Algiers, and the manner of the life of slaves there!”

@goodreads

8 February 1661 I met with many sea commanders, and among others Captain Cuttle, and Curtis, and Mootham, and I, went to the Fleece Tavern to drink; and there we spent till four o’clock, telling stories of Algiers, and the manner of the life of slaves there! And truly Captn. Mootham and Mr. Dawes (who have been both slaves there) did make me fully acquainted with their condition there: as, how they eat nothing but bread and water. At their redemption they pay so much for the water they drink at the public fountaynes, during their being slaves.* How they are beat upon the soles of their feet and bellies at the liberty of their padron (owner). How they are all, at night, called into their master’s Bagnard; and there they lie. How the poorest men do use their slaves best. How some rogues do live well, if they do invent to bring their masters in so much a week by their industry or theft; and then they are put to no other work at all. And theft there is counted no great crime at all. … so home and to bed betimes, my head aching. Capt. Peter Motham & Henry Dawes The term "Bagnard" here likely refers to a type of communal slave quarters or a prison-like structure where slaves were locked up at night. This was a common practice to prevent escape and to maintain control over the enslaved population. *Most of the slaves held in North African states, particularly in Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, were of European descent. This was part of the broader phenomenon known as the Barbary slave trade, which operated from the 16th to the 19th century. Raids began in the 8th century, but in 1518, the pivotal moment is encountered when the Ottoman Empire, under the leadership of Selim I, appointed Hayreddin Barbarossa as the Beylerbey (governor) of Algiers. This year marks a significant escalation in organized piracy and slave-taking from European ships and coasts, under the protection and encouragement of the Ottoman Empire. Hayreddin Barbarossa was also known as Barbarossa the Pirate, who gave his name to the term “Barbary.” British captain witnessing the miseries of Christian slaves in Algiers, 1815 & A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs by Laureys a Castro, 1681. “In addition to seizing merchant ships, they engaged in raids on European coastal towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, but also in the British Isles, and Iceland.” Wikipedia

Nope. You are applying a moral and psychological framework that would not have been relevant or even comprehensible in the 17th century. Honor was not merely a personal attribute but a public one, deeply intertwined with social status, reputation, and the concept of gentlemanly behavior. This was a societal expectation intertwined with integrity and bravery that men were expected to live up to. Using today's standards to judge those in the past is the height of folly.

6 February 1661 Called up by my Cozen John Snow, who sat by me while I was trimmed, and then I drank with him, he desiring a courtesy for a friend, which I have done for him. Then to the office, and there sat long, then to dinner, Captain Murford with me. I had a dish of fish and a good hare, which was sent me the other day by Goodenough the plasterer. So to the office again, where Sir W. Pen and I sat all alone, answering of petitions and nothing else … then home and to my chamber, and some little, music, and so to bed. Navy Office (Seething Lane) & Capt. William Murford Edward Goodenough - Great name for a workman : ) Admiral William Penn An English admiral and the father of William Penn, founder of the colony of Pennsylvania. In 1660 he was appointed a Commissioner of the Navy Board where he worked with Pepys. “Although Penn was not a high-minded man, he is a figure of considerable importance in English naval history. As admiral and General at Sea for Parliament, he helped in 1653 to draw up the first code of tactics provided for the English navy, Duties of a Commander at Sea, 1664, Instructions by Sir W. Penn.” Wikipedia

Good Question: According to Wikipedia, “Afterwards, it was owned by various people, including a documented sale in 1814 to Josiah Henry Wilkinson, and it was publicly exhibited several times before being buried beneath the floor of the antechapel at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1960. The exact position was not publicly disclosed, but a plaque marks the approximate location.” Oliver Cromwell's death mask at Warwick Castle

3 February 1661 This day I first begun to go forth in my coat and sword, as the manner now among gentlemen is. … So to Fox’s, where I had dinner and special company … I observed one story, how my Lord of Northwich, at a public audience before the King of France, made the Duke of Anjou cry, by making ugly faces as he was stepping to the King, but undiscovered. … Thence to my Lord’s; where I am told how Sir Thomas Crew’s Pedro, with two of his countrymen more, did last night kill one soldier of four that quarreled with them in the street, about 10 o’clock. The other two are taken; but he is now hid at my Lord’s till night, that he do intend to make his escape away. So up to my Lady, and sat and talked with her long, and so to Westminster Stairs, and there took boat to the bridge, and so home. Sir Edward Mountagu ("my Lord," Earl of Sandwich) & Sir Thomas Crew Pedro: Perhaps a servant from Spain Louis XIV (King of France, 1643-1715) Lord Goring was sent by Charles I as Ambassador Extraordinary to France in 1644, to witness the oath of Louis XIV, who took this oath at Ruel, on July 3rd, 1644, when he was five years of age, and when his brother Philippe, then called Duke of Anjou, was three years old. George Goring, Lord Goring (14 July 1608 – 1657) was an English Royalist soldier. & Philippe and his elder brother, the future Louis XIV, by an unknown painter

@LBFlyawayhome Tuesday 2 February 1664 “Up and to the office, where, though Candlemas day, Mr. Coventry and Sir W. Pen and I all the morning, the others being at a survey at Deptford.”

2 February 1663 Up, and after paying Jane her wages, I went away, because I could hardly forbear weeping, and she cried, saying it was not her fault that she went away, and indeed it is hard to say what it is, but only her not desiring to stay that she do now go.* Thence Mr. Povey and I walked to White Hall, it being a great frost still, and after a turn in the Park seeing them slide … Thence with Mr. Coventry down to his chamber, where among other discourse he did tell me how he did make it not only his desire, but as his greatest pleasure, to make himself an interest by doing business truly and justly … by this he thinks and observes he do live contentedly … Thence walking with Mr. Creed homewards we turned into a house and drank a cup of Cock ale and so parted … So home and there found Jane gone, for which my wife and I are very much troubled, and myself could hardly forbear shedding tears for fear the poor wench should come to any ill condition after her being so long with me. Ice skating in St James's Park William Coventry English statesman who was involved in naval administration. *2/1/63 she not submitting herself, for some words she spoke boldly and yet I believe innocently and out of familiarity to her mistress (Elizabeth) about us weeks ago. Jane Edwards (b. Birch) Started in 1658 at age 14 as a maid. In 1662 she became "cook-maid" being paid £3 a year. She advanced to chambermaid and subsequently Elizabeth complained of "saucy words" and Birch was obliged to leave. She married Sam’s clerk, Tom Edwards, in March 1669. Pepys was godfather to their son, Sam (1673). She was widowed twice and in 1690 Sam settled a £15 yearly annuity on her. On servants, Mary Evelyn, writing to a friend in 1677 gave the following advice: “That if you have a faithful Woman or Housemaid, it will cost you little trouble. It were necessary that such a one were a good Market-woman, & whose Eye must be from the Garret to the Cellar; nor is it enough they see all things made cleane in the House, but set in order also.” 1670, Hannah Woolley advised that: “a cook-maid ought to be of a quick and nimble Apprehension, neat and cleanly in her own habit, and then we need not doubt of it in her Office; not to dress her self, especially her Head, in the Kitchin, for that is abominable sluttish, but in her Chamber, before she comes down, and that to be at a fit hour, that the fire may be made, and all things prepared for the Cook, against he or she comes in, she must not have a sharp Tongue, but humble, pleasing and willing to learn, for ill words may provoke blows from a Cook.” Mistress and Maid (1667) by Johannes Vermeer

1 February 1664 Thence to Westminster Hall, and there met with diverse people … Here I met with Mr. Pierce, who tells me of several passages at Court, among others how the King, coming the other day to his Theatre to see “The Indian Queene” (which he commends for a very fine thing), my Lady Castlemaine was in the next box before he came; and leaning over other ladies awhile to whisper to the King, she rose out of the box and went into the King’s, and set herself on the King’s right hand, between the King and the Duke of York; which, he swears, put the King himself, as well as every body else, out of countenance; and believes that she did it only to show the world that she is not out of favour yet, as was believed. King's House (Theatre Royal, Drury Lane) & The Indian Queen (Sir Robert Howard and John Dryden) James Stuart (Duke of York, Lord High Admiral) Barbara Villiers (Countess of Castlemaine) Sam was enthralled by her beauty but, like others of the times, feared her impact on King Charles II to be far too great for the good of England. "Gorgeous. Manipulative. Tempestuous. Insatiable. Fecund. Tenacious. Barbara Villers is commonly described with these words, and for good reason. Her devastatingly good looks inspired both great lust and great passion in her admirers, while her behavior and rise to prominence provoked considerable envy in her rivals and critics." "Ravenous: A Life of Barbara Villiers, Charles II's Most Infamous Mistress" by Andrea Zuvich. Sir Peter Lely Self-Portrait Black and colored chalks heightened with white; signed lower right: Est. £600,000-800,000 (2016): Sotheby’s & Barbara Villiers: Portrait by Sir Peter Lely (1666)

@tonyriches Gorgeous

30 January 1661 (Fast day). The first time that this day hath been yet observed: and Mr. Mills made a most excellent sermon … Then to my Lady Batten’s; where my wife and she are lately come back again from being abroad, and seeing of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw hanged and buried at Tyburn. Then I home. “Jan. 30th was kept as a very solemn day of fasting and prayer. This morning the carcasses of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw (which the day before had been brought from the Red Lion Inn, Holborn), were drawn upon a sledge to Tyburn, and then taken out of their coffins, and in their shrouds hanged by the neck, until the going down of the sun. They were then cut down, their heads taken off, and their bodies buried in a grave made under the gallows. The coffin in which was the body of Cromwell was a very rich thing, very full of gilded hinges and nails.” -Thomas Rugge Diurnal (daily record) “Jan 30 Was the first Solemn Fast & day of humiliation to deplore the sinns which so long had provoked God against this Afflicted Church & people: orderd by Parliament to be annualy celebrated, to expiate the Gilt of the Execrable Murder of the late King Char: I … This day (the stupendious, & inscrutable Judgements of God) were the Carkasses of that arch-rebell Cromewell, Bradshaw the Judge who condemn’d his Majestie & Ireton, sonn in law to the Usurper, draged out of their superbe Tombs (in Westminster amongst the Kings), to Tyburne, & hanged on the Gallows there from 9 in the morning til 6 at night, & and then buried under that fatal & ignominious Monument, in a deepe pitt: Thousands of people (who had seene them in all their pride & pompous insults) being spectators: looke back at November 22: 1658, & be astonish’d - And God, & honor the King, but meddle not with them who are given to change.” -John Evelyn's Diary "King Charles the Martyr" day. This day was officially observed from 1661 until it was abolished in 1859. Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, and John Bradshaw were posthumously hanged in effigy at Tyburn for their roles in the English Civil War, particularly their involvement in the execution of King Charles I. This was intended to symbolically reverse the regicide and to reaffirm the divine right of King. Anonymous Dutch painting of the execution of Charles I, 1649 & Death of the King, a 1728 engraving from a biographical series about Charles I. Charles is shown ascending to heaven after his execution, borne by angels, while a figure representing Britain looks away in shame.

29 January 1661 Thence to my Lord’s, where we found my Lady gone with some company to see Hampton Court, so we three went to Blackfryers … I saw three acts of “The Mayd in ye Mill” acted to my great content. But it being late, I left the play and them, and by water through bridge home, and so to Mr. Turner’s house, where the Comptroller, Sir William Batten, and Mr. Davis and their ladies; and here we had a most neat little but costly and genteel supper, and after that a great deal of impertinent mirth by Mr. Davis, and some catches, and so broke up, and going away, Mr. Davis’s eldest son took up my old Lady Slingsby in his arms, and carried her to the coach, and is said to be able to carry three of the biggest men that were in the company, which I wonder at. So home and to bed. Sir Edward Mountagu ("my Lord," Earl of Sandwich) & Jemima Mountagu ("my Lady," Countess of Sandwich, b. Crew) Salisbury Court Theatre The Maid in the Mill (John Fletcher and William Rowley) It centers around the romantic entanglements and disguises in a mill setting. The plot revolves around Florimell, the maid, who navigates through love, jealousy, and mistaken identities. Catches A musical composition in which many voices (usually at least three) repeatedly sing the same melody or sometimes slightly different melodies, beginning at different times.

28 January 1661 I went to Mr. Crew’s and thence to the Theatre, where I saw again “The Lost Lady,” which do now please me better than before; and here I sitting behind in a dark place, a lady spit backward upon me by a mistake, not seeing me, but after seeing her to be a very pretty lady, I was not troubled at it at all. … Thence to see the Doctor at his lodging at Mr. Holden’s, where I bought a hat, cost me 35s. So home by moonshine, and by the way was overtaken by the Comptroller’s coach, and so home to his house with him. So home and to bed. The Lost Lady (Sir William Berkeley) William Fairbrother Col. Robert Slingsby (Comptroller of the Navy, 1660-1) Sir William Berkeley “The longest-serving governor of Virginia (1641–1652, 1660–1677), a playwright, and author of Discourse and View of Virginia. Berkeley gained access to the royal circle surrounding King Charles I, and one of his plays, The Lost Lady (1638), was performed for the king and queen. In 1641, he was named governor and captain general of Virginia, where he raised tobacco but also, at Green Spring, experimented with more diverse crops.” Encyclopedia Virginia

27 January 1663 Up and to the office … then home to dinner, whither by and by comes Mr. Creed, and he and I talked of our Tangier business, and do find that there is nothing in the world done with true integrity, but there is design along with it, as in my Lord Rutherford, who designs to have the profit of victualling of the garrison himself, and others to have the benefit of making the Mole, so that I am almost discouraged from coming any more to the Committee, were it not that it will possibly hereafter bring me to some acquaintance of great men. Then to the office again … so home to supper and to bed. Tangier, Morocco A coastal city in Morocco, across the straits of Gibraltar from Spain. It allowed control of access into and out of the Mediterranean. It was first given up to the English fleet under Lord Sandwich by the Portugese on 30th January 1662. Much money was subsequently spent fortifying it. Andrew Rutherford (Baron Rutherford, Earl of Teviot) A mercenary for the French and then, on the restoration of Charles II, became governor of Dunkirk. He was made governor of Tangier in 1663 but was killed in an ambush by the Moors in 1664. Victualling Providing food supplies, in this case for the Navy. Mole A large, usually stone, wall constructed in the sea, used as a breakwater and built to enclose or protect an anchorage or a harbor. Lord Rutherford “On 4 May 1664 he was trapped at the Battle of Tangier in an ambush by the Moors, who had been carrying out incessant irregular warfare against the English garrison, and was killed, together with nineteen officers and nearly five hundred men of the garrison.” Wikipedia An illustration of the battle